Host-Pathogen Dynamics: Exploring the Interactions and Impact of Multiple Soil-Borne Fungi on Tomato Plants

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of Rhizoctonia solani (RsPOB), Fusarium oxysporum (FoBST 3), Verticillium dahliae (OMV5), and Phytophthora sp. (PMT9) on tomato plants, individually and in combinations. Significant findings revealed a synergistic effect with severe disease when RsPOB and FoBST 3 were combined. In contrast, antagonistic interactions between Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora sp. resulted in the highest root length (13 cm) and lowest stunting index (8%). Host-released exudates played a role in pathogen proliferation. Notably, the combination of all four pathogens caused the shortest root length (7.3 cm), indicating strong negative interactions. The study underscores the complex relationships among soil-borne pathogens, highlighting the importance of understanding these interactions for effective disease management in agriculture