Human-Machine Collaboration and Emotional Intelligence in Industry 5.0

Introduction

At the start of the 1800s, the industrial revolution began around the world. This was the start of the shift from a farming society to an industrialised and urbanised society (Fields, 1999). People generally thought it started in Britain and then spread to the rest of Europe and then to the US (Durlauf et al., 2010). The second industrial revolution began near the end of the 1800s and lasted until the early 1900s. A lot of ideas that came from studying science were used during this time. Policy expert named Vaclav Smil called the years in question the “age of synergy.” It was during this time that the foundations were laid for the accomplishments of the 20th century (Li, 2020; Smil, 2005). The bad thing about both of these industrial breakthroughs, though, was that they led to dangerous and awful working conditions. It was because of this that labour groups and workplace rules were created to protect workers.

The introduction of transistors and microprocessors in the 1950s marked the beginning of the third industrial revolution. These innovations cleared the way for automated manufacturing via the use of a variety of electronic devices, which in turn facilitated the manufacture of goods. Within the confines of the factory floor, digital sensors and computers were integrated. During this time period, there was a significant improvement in working conditions; yet, the exploitation of workers remained, cities got congested, and extensive pollution and environmental degradation were commonplace all over the globe. (It is built on top of the third industrial revolution, which used transistors, sensors, and micro-electronics to make data. The fourth industrial revolution is also called Industry 4.0 or 4IR. Right now, the fourth economic revolution is taking place. (Sony, 2020): The German scientist Wolfgang Wahlster is said to have thought of the phrase “Industry 4.0” at the 2011 Hannover Fair. Companies that make things are going digital. To communicate and manage each other, these companies use digital tools like the Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Cloud computing, Additive Manufacturing (AM), Digital twins, cybersecurity, and more (Alpaslan, 2019; McCulloch & Pitts, 1943; Thames & Schaefer, 2016). These technologies allow machines to learn, connect, and improve processes in real time. A part of artificial intelligence is artificial intelligence (AI). It's also possible to call it “the computerization of manufacturing,” which means using modern digital technology with industrial tools and methods. The goal of adding these technologies to the industrial setting is to get the highest levels of automation, practical efficiency, and productivity that are possible (Tank & Hopfield, 1987). Because of this, a clever, linked, and data-focused production atmosphere is created.

There are several ways to break down Industry 4.0. The main idea can be broken down into digital or computer technologies that are connected to systems in the real world (Vapnik, 1998). Artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data, cloud computing, and cyber security are all core computing technologies. Other technologies that make up the physical part of computing include robotics and automation, the internet of things, computer-aided manufacturing, and additive manufacturing (Raja Santhi & Muthuswamy, 2022; Rumelhart et al., 1986). The use of these technologies can give businesses huge advantages in the market and make their operations more efficient. However, many people are worried that low-skilled workers will lose their jobs because of the high level of automation, which could cause the economy to become less balanced and society to become more unequal (Lécun et al., 1998). Figure 1 shows the different stages of the Industrial Revolution, along with when they happened, what pushed them forward, and the tools they utilised.

Figure 1.

Phases of the Industrial Revolution