Abstract
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a newly appeared technique for evolutionary computation. It was originated as a simulation for a simplified social system such as the behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling. An improved PSO algorithm (IPSO) is introduced to solve the nonlinear optimization for indoor positioning. The algorithm achieves the optimal coordinates through iterative searching. Compared with standard PSO algorithm, the algorithm converges faster and can find the global best position. The error of position estimated by this algorithm is smaller than that estimated in Taylor Series Expansion (TSE) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Thus this algorithm is proven to be a fast and effective method in solving nonlinear optimization for indoor positioning.
TopIntroduction
The popularity of wireless access infrastructure and mobile devices satisfy requirements to access the required services ubiquitously. Meanwhile, providing additional value-added services based on wireless access infrastructure gets more and more interest. Mobile positioning is one of the possibilities. Many domains get benefits from indoor positioning of mobile units to provide useful applications and services, such as museum tour-guide, hospital health-care and location-based handoff. In the network base architectures, the network receives signals from mobile unit and utilizes necessary operation to evaluate position of mobile unit. The position estimations rely on different techniques: Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Angle of Arrival (AOA), Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Advance (TA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), location fingerprinting or hybrid TDOA/AOA (Hata & Nagatsu, 1991; Jakes, 1994; Turin, Jewell & Johnston, 1972; Knapp & Carter, 1976; Izzo, Napolitano & Paura, 1994). However, not all techniques are suitable for indoor positioning because of the complexity in indoor environment.
The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is a new sociologically inspired stochastic optimization algorithm introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart (1995) (Eberhart & Kennedy, 1995; Eberhart & Shi, 2001; Ratanaweera, Halgamuge & Watson, 2004; Foy, 1976; Kennedy, 2000; Angeline, 1998; Shi & Eberhart, 1998; Kennedy, 1997; Shi & Eberhart, 1998; Shi & Eberhart, 1999). The PSO algorithm is easy to implement, has few parameters, and has been shown to converge faster than traditional techniques like Genetic Algorithm (GA) for a wide variety of benchmark optimization problems. By initializing a random particle swarm, each particle keeps track of its coordinates in the problem space. It is demonstrated that PSO algorithm gets better results in a faster, cheaper way compared with other methods. In past several years, PSO has been successfully applied in many research and application areas.
In this chapter we suggested to utilize an improved PSO (IPSO) to solve nonlinear optimization in TOA techniques. This chapter is organized as following sections. In the background, the standard PSO algorithm and proposed IPSO algorithm is briefly presented first. Second, the general idea of position estimated in IPSO is demonstrated. Third, the process of utilizing IPSO to resolve nonlinear optimization in TOA technique is explained in detail. Fourth, the simulated results are discussed and compared. In the end, summarization and conclusion are given.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Time of Arrival: This technology uses the absolute time of arrival at a certain base station. Since signals travel with a known velocity, the distance can be directly calculated from the time of arrival.
Mobile positioning: An experimental technique used by telecommunication companies to approximate where a mobile phone, and thereby also its user, is.
Angle of Arrival: This method uses multiple antennas at a base station to determine the incident angle of an arriving signal. If a handset transmitting a signal is within line-of-sight, the antenna array can determine what direction the signal is coming from.
Taylor Series Expansion: A representation of a function as an infinite sum of terms calculated from the values of its derivatives at a single point.
Time Difference of Arrival: This method uses the time it takes for a signal to travel as an indirect method of calculating distance. With a minimum of three base stations receiving a signal from a handset, the difference in time it takes for the signal to reach each tower can be used to triangulate the position of the mobile unit.
Particle Swarm Optimization: A swarm intelligence based algorithm to find a solution to an optimization problem in a search space, or model and predict social behavior in the presence of objectives.
Genetic Algorithm: A search technique used in computing to find exact or approximate solutions to optimization and search problems.