The global landscape for firms is changing more rapidly than ever. In order to stay competitive firms must manage two continuous challenges: How to create value and how to appropriate the value created. These challenges correspond to the two types of innovations that firms must manage and in order to enable these innovations the firm must have access to suitable resources (Monetary, Physical, Relational, Organisational and Competences). Managing these in an integrated way is known as integrated innovation and is outlined in Figure 1.
Integrated Innovation - Key Dimensions (Roos, 2013)
All too frequently firms focus on efficiency (in the value creating group of innovation activities) and all too rarely do they focus on effectiveness (in the value appropriating group of innovation activities), and as a result, they end up losing their share of the profit pool to firms with a better focused portfolio of innovation activities including effective new business models. A good example is the meteoric rise in profit pool share of Apple (with a superiorly designed product-service-system complemented by a very effective business model) compared to Nokia (with a superiorly engineered product), where over 3 years Apple increased their appropriation from 0% to 45% of the mobile handset associated profit pool whereas Nokia went from 80% to 25% over the same period.