Introduction

1.1 Nanomaterials And Applications

Nanomaterials take many forms; each with a structure, properties and a measure of its diameter and length, and each of them has distinctive uses as well. Nanomaterials can be classified according to the form of Quantum Dots category. This category is a three-dimensional semiconductor nanostructure ranging between 2 and 10 nanometers, and this corresponds to 10 - 50 atoms in a single diameter and 100 - 100,000 atoms in a single quantum point size, when the diameter of the quantum point is equal to 10 nanometers. Fullerene category was discovered in 1985 and it is another strange nanoscale of carbon, where a-60-carbon atom molecule has a symbol of 60C. A fullerene globular molecule is like spotted soccer, as shown in the figure below. Various applications have appeared for each of these compounds, including 60C3K and 60C2RbCs which have shown super conductivity. Moreover, other forms have been discovered, such as conical, tubular and spherical fluorines. Nano balls category is one of the most important carbon nanotubes that belongs to the 60C class of fluorines, but they slightly differ in composition, as they are multi-shells and they are also empty of center. The nanoballs have no gaps on their surface, and because of their composition, they look like onions. Scientists have called them “onions”, and the diameter of a single ball may reach 500 nanometers or more. Nanoparticles (nanoparticles) category is new to use. These particles were in manufactured or natural materials since ancient times. Nanoparticles can be defined as microscopic atomic or molecular assemblies which range from few atoms (a molecule) to million atoms, and they are almost spherically bound together with radius less than 100 nanometers. When the size of the nanoparticle reaches the nanoscale in one dimension, it is called a quantum well, but when its nanoscale is in two dimensions, it is called a quantum wire. When the quantum wire has 3 dimensions, it is called Quantum dots. Here, it is indicated that the change in the nanoscale dimensions of the three aforementioned structures will affect their electronic properties, which leads to a significant change in the optical properties of the nanostructures. Recently, nanoparticles have been made from ferrite, dielectric, semiconductor and hybrid formulations (such as encapsulated nanoparticles), as well as from models of nanoparticles of a semi-solid nature. Copper nanoparticles (less than 50 nm) are of high rigidity and are not malleable or withdrawable, unlike ordinary copper particles which can be folded, knocked and pulled. Nanotubes category is a slice that folds in a cylindrical shape; the end of the tube is often open and the other is closed in a semicircle. They are made from organic materials (carbon) or inorganic materials (metal oxides, such as vanadium oxide and manganese). These tubes have strength, rigidity and electrical conductivity, but the metal oxides are heavier and weaker than carbon tubes. The diameter of the nanotube is between 1 nm and 100 nm, and its length is 100 µm to form nanowires. The nanotubes have several forms, as they may be straight, spiral, winding, resonant, conical, and so on. Nano fibers category of materials has received recent attention for their industrial importance. It takes many forms, such as hexagonal and spiral fibers, and wheat-like fibers. Nanofibers are distinguished by the fact that the surface area to their size is large because the number of surface peaks is large in relation to the total number, and this is what gives them distinctive mechanical properties, such as hardness, tensile strength, etc., However, it suffers from the difficulty of controlling its continuity, integrity and pavement. These fibers are used in medicine and transplantation, such as joints, wound healing and the transmission of medications in the body. They are also used in military fields, such as reducing air resistance. Nanowires category includes the nanowires that may be less than one nanometers in diameter and are of different lengths, i.e. a length-to-width ratio greater than 1000 times. Hence, they are attached to one-dimensional materials and they are superior to conventional ordinary wires because the electrons in them are quantified to one side. This makes them occupy specific energy levels that differ from those broad levels present in the physical material. These wires are not present in nature, but are prepared in the laboratory in many ways, including chemical curettage of a large wire or extrusion of a large wire by high-energy particles. They take many forms, including spiral or five-way symmetric, and when prepared, they are suspended from the upper end or deposited on another surface. Nanoscale wires have many future uses, such as linking electronic components within a small circuit and building electric and electronic circuits.