Migration Policy Challenges and Management: Georgian and European Approach

Introduction

In recent years, migration has become a major global phenomenon in the world. The first place in the recommendations of the report of the World Commission on Social Orientation and Globalization is occupied by the problem of migration. International migration is a massive movement of the population between states, which significantly changes the general picture of settlement and the demographic, social, and racial-ethnic structure of the population of individual countries. International migration is one of the important factors in modern international relations. The reasons for migration can be political (including ethnic cleansing and genocide), as well as economic (improvement of material conditions), religious, socio-cultural, natural-ecological, etc. In terms of time, there is a difference between permanent and temporary migration. In an era of globalization, when complex interdependence and transnationalization have become ubiquitous, international migration has become a massive phenomenon. The right to migration and freedom of movement is a Western liberal democratic value and an important element of human rights. Consequently, a democratic state has no right to prohibit its citizens from emigrating. On the other hand, the most acute problem in Western Europe was uncontrolled illegal migration from third-world countries, which created many difficulties and forced these countries to sharply limit immigration.

About 4-5 million migrants come to Europe every year. According to the UN, in the next 50 years, the intensity of migration will increase by 40%. Of the 400 million migrants in the world as of 2020, 90.6 million live in Europe. The rate of migrants in Europe is much higher than in any other country if we compare the flow of migrants with the size of the population. Germany and France are the countries that receive the largest number of immigrants in Europe (Boswell, 2006).

Migrants from the former colonies of Great Britain and France and Turkey were joined by several new waves of migrants from Europe to Central and Eastern Europe, as well as from Asia Minor and Africa. The migration crisis in Europe began in the early 1990s when the Soviet Union collapsed and there was a threat that the inhabitants of Eastern Europe would migrate en masse and pose a certain threat to the well-being of Western Europe. Despite this threat, the European labor market during this period felt the need for skilled labor in almost all areas. Therefore, initially, Europe was less strict in its migration policy (ICMPD, 2016).

Among the EU countries, France and Germany are the countries with the longest migration history, they have been receiving different waves of migrants for a long time, and their migration policy is being refined as much as possible. A review of the practice of these countries shows that an overly strict anti-immigration policy is useless.

Discussions on rules and regulations for the management of migration should focus on the role of government, which should develop policies on who can enter or leave a country and determine how these processes are managed.

Migration is one of the important phenomena of the modern global world, which has been present since ancient times of mankind. Since time immemorial, people have been moving from one continent to another, from country to country, and between different regions of the same state. Migration can be defined as the process of movement both across international borders and within a country. This process includes any type of movement regardless of distance or reason. Migration also includes refugees, displaced persons, internally displaced persons, economic, and ecological migrants, etc. Migration is largely related to global, economic, social, political, and technological transformations that affect several political issues. There is no doubt that international and domestic migration has played a role in shaping the world over the centuries. In the 20s of the XXI century, the world is in a period of great transformations, and many changes have a certain impact on migration processes (United Nations, 2004).

There are several reasons for migration: related to family, education, political, social persecution, armed conflict, ecological disaster, etc.