Polymeric composites committed for particles, such as conductive, ferroelectric and alternately metal particles are some of the vital building materials utilized for resistors, exchanging devices, directing pastes, segments in the xerographic machine and separators over polymer electrolyte film energy units. Percolation theory predicts that different values of a percolating framework can be identified with the likelihood for occupation from beginning locales inside the percolation lattice, eventually perusing energy law relations. Moreover, the exponents of these control relations are widespread in any case in the framework. Composite and nanocomposite industrial materials are continuously investigated as protecting material for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) applications. In these systems and in particle/matrix conductivities and volume stacking of the particles in the matrix, the arbitrariness of distribution, poly dispersivity and interfacial thermal resistance play a role in figuring out the successful conductivity of the composite material (Kanuparthi et al., 2006; Nan et al., 1997; Wu et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2004).
4.1.1 Percolation Theory
Percolation theory is a general model for the depiction of measurable techniques, and it is a regular technique in the investigations for pre-breakdown forms within solids. In addition, nanoparticle size can plan new composite and thermal interface nanocomposite industrial materials by nanotechnology science which can lead to an enormous upgrade in the magnetic properties of the composite materials, influencing, in turn, the execution of the modern requisitions. Percolation theory aims at describing the connectivity properties in irregular geometries and to investigate them for exploration of the physical procedures. The percolation sorts are shaping a nonstop system of particles in conductive polymeric composite which can be totally fulfilled. In the innovative technological applications, conductivity for polymeric composite example can be acknowledged in a circular particle which, in traditional blending decisions from the beginning particles, is subjected to fundamental matrices to figure out the effective conductivity of composites, if the incorporation period is scattered in the matrix stage irregular appropriation (Salvadori et al., n.d.). It can be formed as follows: σ = σ0(x – xc)t(1) Where,
σo is the proportionality constant,
x is the volume concentration of conducting phase,
xc is the critical concentration of conducting phase,
t is the exponential factor for percolation and tunneling percolation.
Additionally, there is a recommendation for connected energy on polymeric composite material that has been used to plan hypothetical models to foresee a powerful conductivity of polymeric composites, and it corresponds to normal sensibility. However, the variety of electric safety because of the mechanical load connected to the sample’s extraordinary zone of contact between particles expands and cuts the distances between particles spotted over parallel rows. Hence, Fig. (1) indicates a schematic design of the polymeric composite as an example of separate volume fractions of particles.
Figure 1. Schematic layout for polymeric composite specimen with particles (Salvadori et al., n.d.).
However, the leading components will transcend geometric contact. The hypothesis predicts that the critical exponent e “t” will be under two and the procedure is known as percolation; percolation alludes to the stream of current through irregular resistor networks. When the conducting elements are not in geometric contact, the inter-particle tunneling is dominant. Thus, this research investigates the percolation clinched alongside polymeric composites with different cost-fewer particles and setup explanatory model parameters. Polymeric composites aggravate an enormous upgrade in the electric, dielectric and electromagnetic properties which will influence the execution of the modern requisitions during a setup test of d=h=0. 01m. Every chosen nanoparticle in this research has been spherically molded and measured, as 10nm in breadth for each grain size.
Table 1. Electric and thermal properties of suggested particles and industrial materials
| Materials | Conductivity (S/m) | Thermal Conductivity
K (W/m.K) |
| Graphite | 3x105 | 200 |
| Fe | 107 | 80.2 |
| ZnO | 1.69x107 | 21 |
| MgO | 108 | 40 |
| Al2O3 | 1014 | 35 |
| Si | 1.56x10-3 | 148 |
| Epoxy | 10-12 | 1.04 |
| Glass | 10-15 | 1.2 |
| PTFE | 10-16 | 0.25 |
The fundamental electrical and thermal depiction properties of the utilization from beginning particles has been portrayed in table 1. These particles have been utilized to upgrade electric properties of polymeric composite and nanocomposite industrial materials.