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Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: The Other Side of the Disease

Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: The Other Side of the Disease

Bilal El-Mansoury (Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Morocco), Abdelali Ben Maloui (Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco), Ahmed Draoui (Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco), Youssef Ait Hamdan (Higher Normal School, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco), Mjid Oukhrib (Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco), Kamal Smimih (faculty of Science and techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco), Abdessamad Elmourid (Independent Researcher, Morocco), Abdelaati El Khiat (Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health, Morocco), Samira Boulbaroud (Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco), Iman Meftah (Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco), Miloud Hammoud (Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco), Redouane Chatoui (Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco), Said Sabir (Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco), Halima Gamrani (Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad, University, Morocco), and Arumugam Radhakrishnan Jayakumar (Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA)
Copyright: © 2023 |Pages: 21
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5156-4.ch003
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Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem disorder considered the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide of which neuroprotective therapies are not yet available. PD is known mainly by its cardinal motor symptoms which are believed to be associated with dopamine deficiency in the nigrostriatal pathway as a result of DAergic neurons degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain. However, other brain structures degenerate (non-dopaminergic abnormalities) in PD resulting in other symptoms known as non-motor symptoms (NMS). NMS and non-DAergic abnormalities are sometimes present before diagnosis and almost inevitably emerge with the disease progression. Hence, they might play a tremendously important role in the management and sometimes even the diagnosis of PD. This chapter will provide an overview on the neuropathobiology of NMS in PD.
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Spectrum Of Non-Motor Symptoms In Pd

It is well known that the clinical diagnosis of PD is typically based on the presence of the classical motor symptoms of the disease. However, PD is a multisystem disorder with a wide range of NMS (Jellinger, 2015), which are significant predictors in determining patients QOL of and rates of institutionalization as well as overall disability (Swick, 2012). Most of these symptoms can be present before the onset motor symptoms (Zesiewicz, 2019). Indeed, there is a prodromal phase (prior to the motor symptoms) which is initially asymptomatic and as the neurodegeneration progresses, it causes NMS that will worsen the evolution of the disease (De Virgilio et al., 2016 ; Draoui et al., 2020).

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