In connection with the large-scale development of high-rise building projects recently in Russia and abroad and their significant energy consumption, one of the main principles in designing is the use of effective energy-saving technologies. Also important aspects are reducing energy consumption and neutralizing the environmental impact of tall buildings. The most promising areas in the field of integration of solar modules (planar and concentrating) in the construction of buildings are development of BIPV technologies (roofing, film, facade materials), the integration of solar energy concentrators that do not require biaxial tracking (medium and low concentrations) on the facades and roofs of buildings (parabolic concentrators, lenses, and Fresnel mirrors), integration of highly concentrated modules on the roofs of buildings.
TopNetwork Solar Power Stations
In modern solar energy, two main target areas of conversion and use of solar energy can be distinguished: the creation of solar power stations (SPS) designed to produce heat and / or electricity; solar energy technology complexes (SETC) producing chemical raw materials, synthetic materials and energy carriers (hydrogen, methane, ammonia, etc.) (Strebkov, 2019). SETCs also include solar furnaces, which have been experimentally introduced in many countries of the world. However, the experience in creating SETC is still not so great, while there is considerable international experience in the design, construction and operation of power plants with power from 1 kW to 100 MW. The presence of a variety of technical solutions and a wide range of functional types of SPS makes it necessary to scientifically systematize the experience gained in the design and construction of SPS. The well-known classifications of SPS and solar collectors of SPS do not fully reflect the specifics of the functional structure of SPS as “pure” energy objects of terrestrial solar energy.
SPS represents a new class of energy and architectural and construction objects, consisting of interconnected solar systems and devices (solar collector of the station), various equipment and apparatus, as well as necessary buildings and structures intended for the production of heat and / or electricity through the use and conversion of radiant energy of the sun. The main structural element of the SPS is the solar collector (SC) of the station, which provides absorption, re-radiation (re-reflection) and energy transfer of solar radiation to the receiver-converter, as well as heat and / or electricity, in some cases, and storage. In addition to the above functions of the SC, the SPS carries out management and control, machine (thermodynamic) conversion, accumulation and distribution, maintenance and operation of equipment, etc.
Solar power plants (SPP) are assembled by serial and parallel switching of solar modules (Vissarionov, 2008). Figure 8.1 presents an option for placing an average sized SPS connected to an electrical network.
Figure 1. The scheme of a network solar power station (SPS) with the placement of solar modules on the roof of buildings and on the ground
The main schemes of network SPS (Polek, Libra, Strebkov et al., 2013):
- •
SPS scheme in which each solar module has its own single-phase inverter, synchronized with the frequency of the power system;
- •
SPS scheme with single-phase sectional inverters;
- •
a circuit where in each section the modules are connected in series and in parallel and SPS with one central three-phase inverter.