Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Disorders: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

Abstract

Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) include atherosclerosis, cardiac failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and oxidative stress, which are increasingly recognized as essential factors for the onset and advancement of these conditions. he imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense system is the molecular basis of oxidative stress, which leads to oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. This potential damage promotes inflammatory responses, disrupts endothelial function, and speeds up atherogenesis. The nitric oxide synthase uncoupling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and NADPH-oxidizing enzymes are important pathways that enhance ROS production. Antioxidants including polyphenols, vitamins E and C, and others have shown conflicting outcomes in clinical studies. These novel methods aim to improve natural antioxidant defenses, alter redox-sensitive signaling pathways, and target specific ROS sources.