Role of Bioinformatics in Nanotechnology: An Initiation towards Personalized Medicine

Biomarkers And Their Applications

Bio molecular markers can be an altered or mutant gene, RNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and small metabolites, which can be correlated with a biological behavior and its clinical outcome (Wang et al. 2007; Liotta et al. 2000). Most of the biomarkers are discovered on the basis of molecular profiling studies of association or correlation between a molecular signature and disease behavior. Initially, a study was conducted by Gloub et al. for classifying tumors on the basis of patterns in gene expression had reported. This study had provided a novel insight into tumor pathology by analyzing the stage and grade of tumor along with the understanding of clinical course and response to treatment (Petricoin et al., 2002; Negm et al., 2002; Ludwig & Weistein, 2005; Golub et al., 1999; Ross et al., 2000). Gene expression studies illustrate the fact that “Molecular signatures of each tumor are inflammatory factors of the original lesion with heterogeneity” (Alizadeh et al., 2000).