Routes of Synthesis and Characterizations of Nanoparticles

Routes of Synthesis and Characterizations of Nanoparticles

Gulzar Ahmed Rather, Arghya Chakravorty, Basharat Ahmad Bhat, Ishfaq Majeed Malik, Fayaz Hussain Mir, Siva Sankar Sana, Vimala Raghavan, Anima Nanda, Moharana Choudhury
Copyright: © 2021 |Pages: 22
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-5563-7.ch016
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Abstract

An interesting aspect of nanotechnology is the remarkable size-dependent physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials that have led to the rise of synthesis procedures for nanomaterials across a range of sizes, shapes, and chemical compositions. This chapter will concentrate on the different methods such as electron irradiation, laser ablation, and chemical reduction, biological methods, photochemical methods; microwave processing, chemical vapour condensation (CVC), arc discharge, hydrogen plasma-metal reaction, and laser pyrolysis in the vapour phase. This chapter will also include the various characterization techniques for the conformation of nanomaterials such as UV-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy (e.g., transmission electron microscopy [TEM], scanning electron microscopy [SEM], and atomic force microscopy [AFM]).
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Physical Synthesis Methods

The physical methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles come under the top-down approaches or the destructive methods where the bulk materials are reduced to nanometer sized particles (Chakravorty et al., 2019). Physical techniques utilize properties like mechanical pressure, high energy radiations, thermal energy or electrical energy for the generation of nanoparticles. Inert gas condensation, Laser pyrolysis, Sputtering, Laser ablation, Vacuum arc, High energy ball milling are some of the important physical synthesis techniques of nanoparticles and are briefly discussed as under:

Inert Gas Condensation

The Inert gas condensation is the oldest technique synthesizing nanoparticles in the gas phase (Du et al., 2005). It is the technique where the ultrafine metal particles/nanoparticles are generated under the vacuum conditions via the evaporation of a metallic source in an inert gas. Though the technology is old, its applications in the production of nanosized powders/ particles are relatively recent.

The Inert gas condensation (IGC) technique for the synthesis of silver and platinum nanoparticles was found to be the most productive method (Maicu et al., 2014). In its basic design, the method involves evaporation of the metallic source using radiofrequency heating or electron or laser beam as the heating source inside the vacuum chamber. The vapors of the metallic source move from hot source towards the cooler inert gas via the combination of diffusion and convective flow losing energy with each collision, leading to nucleation subsequently the particle formation. The particles thus formed migrate towards cold finger, where they are collected for the subsequent consolidation. Ward et al. used this technique for the formation of Mn nanoparticles (Ward et al., 2006).

Pulse Vapor Deposition

The Pulse-vapor deposition (PVD) technique is the frequently used method for the production of nanomaterials, typically in the range of few nanometers to several micrometers (Mark,T. et al., 2003). It is an eco-friendly vacuum deposition technique consisting of the following three steps:

  • I.

    Vaporization of the solid state precursor/source material

  • II.

    Transportation of the vaporized material

  • III.

    Nucleation and generation of thin-films and nanomaterials (Okuyama,K. et al., 2003)

The commonly used PVD methods for the generation of nanoparticles are as:

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