In this chapter, the systematic analysis and literature of the existing routing protocols are discussed. The application-specific choice of the routing method is a primary challenge in a wireless sensor network or internet of things for efficient and reliable transmission of data. The reliable transmission of the data depends on various factors such as application, data generation rate, sampling rate, etc. The most commonly used routing is flat routing, also called data-centric routing. There are many other routing methods, e.g., hierarchical routing, location-based routing, energy-aware routing, multipath routing, etc. In this chapter, the discussion is divided into purely proactive and reactive routing methods or clustering-cum-routing advanced methods for all the different applications and needs. In the chapter, the network performance is optimized for the number of optimal clusters, the maximal throughput, and the lifetime. In addition, the comparative analysis of different routing and clustering protocols is also discussed in the chapter.
Top1. Introduction
Routing and clustering protocols are essential in improving the efficient transmission of data in wireless sensor networks (WSN) and the Internet of Things (IoT). This chapter discusses the energy-efficient protocols and methods used to reduce energy consumption in WSNs, including harvesting, data aggregation, duty cycling, and routing (Fradj, et al., 2018; Javidi & Buhler, 2016; Sun, et al., 2010; Zang, et al., 2010; J, Ajmani, et al., 2021; Wang, 2021; Farooq & Kunz, 2017; Shabbir & Hassan, 2017; Khoshimov, 2019; Tsai, et al., 2020; Mabrouki, et al., 2021). The proposed work also explores the essential applications of energy-efficient WSNs in various fields, such as agriculture field monitoring, healthcare, and smart cities (Xu, et al., 2019; Behera, et al., 2019). Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are an essential component of the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, which enables the collection and transmission of data from various sensor units. However, the limited energy resources of WSN nodes pose a significant challenge to developing sustainable and long-lasting networks (Clare, et al., 1999). In this context, energy-efficient methods play a crucial role in optimizing the performance and lifetime of WSNs. The researchers have reported various protocols for energy-efficient data transmission. The energy can be saved by various methods (Mody, et al., 2021; Heinzelman, et al., 2000; Leu, et al., 2015; Younis & Fahmy, 2004; Panchal, et al., 2020; Ding, et al., 2005; Saranya, et al., 2018; Zhixiang & Bensheng, 2007; Handy, et al., 2002; Lotf, et al., 2008; Sharawi & Emary, 2017; Patidar, et al., 2022b; Hoang, et al., 2010; Zagrouba & Kardi, 2021; M, et al., 2020; Agbehadji, et al., 2019; Yousif et al., 2017). The researchers have proposed energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols, routing methods (Abbasi & Younis, 2007; Kumar, et al., 2019), and energy harvesting methods for energy-efficient data transmission. The remainder of the book chapter is divided into multiple sections. Section 2 discusses the literature study. Section 3 discusses a systematic analysis of various routing methods, and Section 4 describes the contribution of various authors.