The paradoxes of evolution are considered from the perspective of self-organization theory. The S-elements having several modalities, and this circumstance will help to understand why evolution is happening exactly this way. The evolution does not stop at the formation of human of a modern type. Slight changes in the human body and huge changes in his mind have occurred; the evolution markers should be defined. Behavior is another aspect of evolution. A simple criterion for determining psychological types may be the relative development of channels of human-environment interaction. The way of interaction determines preferential needs, motivations, and patterns of behavior, what, in turn, determines social structure and place of a specific human in it. Here a reservation is necessary - of course, the ideology, origin, historical and other circumstances are of great importance, after all, a particular human may have two or more dominant channels, but his inclinations will still determine his social behavior.
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The references containing certain facts related to the evolutionary process are analyzed in chapter 1, together with the features of evolution. It makes no sense to repeat this analysis, so we'll discuss the reference where human behavior is considered in more detail.
John Watson (1913), and his followers William Hunter and Karl Spencer Leshley were the founders of behaviorism - a school that considered mental processes solely through a prism of behavioral patterns. The main message of this work - behavior is a reaction to a stimulus - is confirmed in many cases; however, there are quite a few examples when this is clearly not the case: self-sacrifice in a war, ascetic way of living of a certain number of people, accumulation of money and property to transfer to close people after one's death, etc.
In general, behaviorism has been justly criticized: for not paying attention to the inner world of human, bringing human down to the level of an animal (at the same time Pavlov (1949) developed a theory of conditioned reflexes, similar to behaviorism in terms of methodological background, based on experiments with dogs), disregarding one's innate abilities, lack of interest to study motivations and needs, as well as manifestations of creativity in science and art, etc.
Skinner (1965, 2002), recognizing this criticism, suggested that personal events, in particular thoughts and feelings, are controlled by the same factors as human behavior (radical behaviorism), and that became the basis for experimental behavioral analysis.
Then, a theory of language and thinking was created. These approaches are used for scientific, as well as applied purposes, such as the elimination of problems related to development and autism, clinical psychology, speech behavior, management of organizational behavior, etc.
However, in view of the complexity of human behavior, other approaches to the study of his behavior are being developed, compensating for any inherent shortcomings of behaviorism.
In particular, Maslow (1954) investigated human motivation and needs in detail.
Gestalt psychology (Vygotsky, Köhler & Koffka, 1988; Koffka, 2014) pays great attention to the innate abilities of human perception of the environment, as well as the act of intuitive perception, having justified a number of principles and laws. It is also used in a number of therapeutic practices.
A. Augustinavičiūtė (Augustinavičiūtė, 2016) was the founder of socionics, having a based classification of psychological types on the binary principle. This makes it possible to predict the professional and social behavior of a human. In general, there are many classifications of psychological types, and the oldest one – in terms of temperament - was developed by Hippocratic and Galen in Antiquity.
Many psychologists pay great attention to age-related behavior and cognitive process associated with it (Piaget, 1951; Hollis, 2013).
The different psychological schools in the world, one way or another paying attention to human behavior. Note social psychology (Sherif, 1954; Asch, 1955; Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959; Homans, 1961; Gergen, 1973; Higgins & Wilson, 1975; Tajfel & Turner, 1986; Triandis, 1994; Heaven, Furnham, 1998; Andrews, 2001; Baron & Kerr, 2003; Parygin, 2010; Fromm, 2012; Waude, 2017); the socio-psychological consequences of the self-organization of complex systems theory will be discussed in the conclusion and continued in subsequent chapters.