The Development of Ethical Guidelines for Online Counselling and Psychotherapy

Reactions To Technology In Counselling, Psychotherapy, And Guidance

Placing any form of technology between the practitioner and client appears to be met with strong and yet highly polarised responses. As early as the 1940s, Carl Rogers was writing enthusiastically about the advantages of using tape recordings of counselling sessions to improve client care and enhance practitioner training and supervision (Rogers, 1942). Even before that, using the available communication ‘technology’ of his time, Sigmund Freud carried out his analysis of ‘Little Hans’ by letter (cited Rothschild, 1997) and self-analysis through correspondence with Fliess (cited Kaplan, 1997). Computers and other forms of technology such as live video links have been used in several kinds of guidance, counselling and mental health care, including psychiatry, since at least the mid 1960s (e.g. Cogswell, 1967; Cogswell & Estavan, 1965; Weizenbaum, 1966,) with encouraging research emerging then and in the 1970s (e.g. Bennet et al 1978; Del Vecchio et al., 1970; Dwyer, 1973; Solow et al., 1971;) right through to the current century. Despite this extensive history, reactions to the idea do not appear to have changed substantially. It is often still treated as if it were something new, unexpected and perhaps even out of place in a profession that is based entirely on the quality of a human-human relationship.