In the present scenario, sensors place a major role for implementing smart devices. Internet of Things (IoT) is an advancement of sensors which can communicate with non-communicate things (devices). Many of the developed counties are using smartness in creating and communicating devices using IoT. In India, major challenges focus on how and where to implement smartness. Hence, authors found some different areas like healthcare, education, transport, water, energy, communication, security & safety, citizen services, and so on. All these areas are covered by a smart way using recent technology (IoT) in smart cities concepts. Various technologies like IoT, Big Data, and cloud computing are used for constructing smartness in the form of devices. In this Chapter, authors focus on a smart waste management system using IoT. They provide various smart bin construction technology, advantages, standards and challenges in detail. It is very useful to the reader to understand the various method of waste management in smart cities development using IoT.
TopSmart City Model
Definition of smart city is the ability of a city focus on multiple aspects. One more definition is identifying the special characteristics for development of city. Giffinger et al., (2007) proposed a model of city characterized by six fields, which is derived from smart connection of self-decisive, self-reliant citizens and institutions. The term smart is used for education of its inhabitants. Furthermore, smart city represent the gap between the city government administration and its people. Smart cities are further discuss the use of modern technology, industry, education, participation, technical infrastructure which improve urban traffic.
Figure 1. Characteristics of Smart City (Giffinger et al., 2007)
Six Aspect Operations of Smart City
Giffinger et al., (2007) proposed six factor for smart city characteristics 1. Smart Economy: It mainly focus on productivity flexibility of the labour market includes national and international market. 2. Smart people: It will not focus on the education or qualification of the people belong to the city. It main objective is based on the quality of social interactions regarding integration. 3. Smart Governance contains the aspect of political participation, public and social relationship. Smart Mobility objectives are provided information and communication technology, modern and sustainable transport systems. Smart environment describes pollution, Environment monitoring and protection. Finally, Smart Living contains quality of life as culture, health, safety, housing, tourism, etc.
Figure 2. Characteristics and Factors of Smart City(Giffinger et al., 2007)
Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT is evaluated from multiple technologies like wireless sensor, embedded system, machine learning, instrument control data analytics and automation. ‘Things’ refer daily objects or devices that communicated with other devices through internet to monitor and control the objects. Smart IoT belong to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) applications access through IoT devices. Smart cities are developed under prevention of incidents rather than avoidances of occurrences of after the incidents. E.g, .g, fire detection, crime prevention, floods and climate prediction. Smart city is one of the applications of IoT. It contains three parts data generation, data management, and application handling.
Figure 3. Smart Cities & IoT (Silva et al, 2018)
At present population of India is nearly 1.35 billion based on the most recent UN data. Population is growing the double size in just 40 years. Basically population in the city is high compare with villages. In India major challenges focus on how and where to implement smartness. Hence we found some different areas like healthcare, education, transport, water, energy, communication, security & safety, citizen services and so on. Based on the report received from Grandview research (2018), Smart cities are directly connected to house, people, public places and centre to collect/ share data. AlEnez et al, (2018) propose the goal of smart cities are developed with safe and quality lifestyle with minimal cost. Fig shows the IoT layer architecture of data gathering, data management and application processing in smart city project.