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What is Affirmative Action

Chapter 14
Handbook of Research on Challenging Deficit Thinking for Exceptional Education Improvement
A policy created by the Johnson administration to address systemic inequities in hiring and education opportunities for Black people in the United States.
Published in Chapter:
Mismatched Students, Missed Opportunities: How Undermatching Undermines Black Success
Tameka Porter (George Mason University, USA)
Copyright: © 2022 |Pages: 30
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8860-4.ch014
Abstract
Theoretical frameworks on mismatch, rooted in affirmative action literature, provide divergent conclusions on how overmatch, a synonym for affirmative action, and undermatch shape degree completion outcomes for Black undergraduates at selective postsecondary institutions. Through examining data from the 2003–2009 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Survey, this study creates an academic index that estimates the precollege academic credentials of approximately 650 Black, first-time undergraduates enrolled at the top three tiers of selective colleges during the 2003–04 academic year to examine the effects of undermatching or attending a college that is less rigorous than a college that matches their precollege academic record. The findings suggest that overmatched Black students who enrolled at the most selective institutions were far more likely to graduate than students with similar precollege academic credentials who enrolled at their best academic match. The results also indicate that undermatching had an adverse effect on degree completion rates.
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Chapter 1
Equity and Diversity in the 21st Century University: A Literature Review
Mandatory race-conscious measures that the federal courts imposed on American public universities.
Published in Chapter: Equity and Diversity in the 21st Century University: A Literature Review; From: Accessibility and Diversity in the 21st Century University
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Chapter 16
The Exploration of Diversity and Inclusion Programs Within Institutions of Higher Education
A set of procedures designed to eliminate discrimination among applicants, remedy past discrimination, and thereby prevent future discrimination.
Published in Chapter: The Exploration of Diversity and Inclusion Programs Within Institutions of Higher Education; From: Handbook of Research on Practices for Advancing Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education
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Chapter 4
Overcoming Barriers
In the United States an active effort to improve employment or educational opportunities for members of minority groups and for women. Affirmative action began as a government remedy to the effects of long-standing discrimination against such groups and has consisted of policies, programs, and procedures that give limited preferences to minorities and women in job hiring, admission to institutions of higher education, the awarding of government contracts, and other social benefits. The typical criteria for affirmative action are race, disability, gender, ethnic origin, and age. Affirmative action was initiated by the administration of President Lyndon Johnson (1963–69) in order to improve opportunities for African Americans while civil right legislation was dismantling the legal basis for discrimination. The federal government began to institute affirmative action policies under the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 and an executive order in 1965. Businesses receiving federal funds were prohibited from using aptitude tests and other criteria that tended to discriminate against African Americans. Affirmative action programs were monitored by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Subsequently, affirmative action was broadened to cover women and Native Americans, Hispanics, and other minorities and was extended to colleges and universities and state and federal agencies (Britannica, 2020).
Published in Chapter: Overcoming Barriers; From: Hispanic Women/Latina Leaders Overcoming Barriers in Higher Education
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Chapter 14
Experiences and Challenges of Indigenous Students in Higher Education During the Pandemic
Policy in the higher educational level to include a particular group of students based on a specific characteristic. In the case of this study, the affiliation to an indigenous group.
Published in Chapter: Experiences and Challenges of Indigenous Students in Higher Education During the Pandemic; From: Handbook of Research on Revisioning and Reconstructing Higher Education After Global Crises
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Chapter 6
“We're Like a Men's Club the Way the Shriners and the Foresters Used to Be”: An Intersectional Approach to Gender, Race, White Supremacy, and the Proud Boys on College Campuses
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Chapter 3
Piercing the Gender Prejudice in Corporate Boardroom: An Exploratory Study of the Approaches for Redressing the Glass Ceiling Phenomenon in Asia
A set of State’s policies and programs designed to address historical discrimination and promote equal opportunities for individuals from underrepresented or disadvantaged groups.
Published in Chapter: Piercing the Gender Prejudice in Corporate Boardroom: An Exploratory Study of the Approaches for Redressing the Glass Ceiling Phenomenon in Asia; From: Cases on Uncovering Corporate Governance Challenges in Asian Markets
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Chapter 14
Narratives of Indigenous University Students in the English Classroom: A Multilingual Case Study
Policy in the higher educational level to include a particular group of students based on a specific characteristic. In the case of this study, the affiliation to an indigenous group.
Published in Chapter: Narratives of Indigenous University Students in the English Classroom: A Multilingual Case Study; From: Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Language Learning Environments
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