In humans, “anticipation” refers to the mental act or process of “looking forward” by means of forming predictions or beliefs about the future. An anticipatory agent is a natural or artificial agent who makes decisions based on predictions, expectations, or beliefs about the future.
Published in Chapter:
Artificial Surprise
Luis Macedo (University of Coimbra, Portugal), Amilcar Cardoso (University of Coimbra, Portugal), Rainer Reisenzein (University of Greifswald, Germany), and Emiliano Lorini (Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italy & Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse, France)
Copyright: © 2009
|Pages: 25
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-354-8.ch015
Abstract
This chapter reviews research on computational models of surprise. Part 1 begins with a description of the phenomenon of surprise in humans, reviews research on human surprise, and describes a psychological model of surprise (Meyer, Reisenzein, & Schützwohl, 1997). Part 2 is devoted to computational models of surprise, giving special prominence to the models proposed by Macedo and Cardoso (e.g., Macedo & Cardoso, 2001b) and by Lorini and Castelfranchi (e.g., Lorini & Castelfranchi, 2007). Part 3 compares the two models of artificial surprise with each other and with the Meyer et al. model of human surprise, discusses possible targets of future research, and considers possible practical applications.