What is Boundary

Literature on determining the historical and ideological boundaries of learner-centered education in higher education is gathered under the following four pillars: (1) the pillar of classicism, (2) the pillar of pre-modernism, (3) the pillar of modernism, and (4) the pillar of post-modernism. Of the four pillars, studies on how learner-centeredness could be utilized and leveraged in higher education are still scarce. Certainly, the construction and leverage of learner-centeredness in higher education are thorny and compelling without explaining these pillars. In this chapter, these four pillars of learner-centered education to empower the teaching in higher education will be elaborated and employed to find an ideological and historical perspective to the higher education.