Functional clinical parameter, computed as the ratio of maximal (pharmacologically stimulated) to baseline (resting) diastolic coronary blood flow peak, used to assess epicardial coronary stenosis and to evaluate the integrity of coronary microcirculation.
Published in Chapter:
Computer Analysis of Coronary Doppler Flow Velocity
Valentina Magagnin (Politecnico di Milano, Italy, and Istituto Ortopedico IRCCS Galeazzi, Italy), Maurizio Turiel (Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy, and Instituto Ortopedico IRCCS Galeazzi, Italy), Sergio Cerutti (Politecnico di Milano, Italy), Luigi Delfino (Instituto Ortopedico IRCCS Galeazzi, Italy), and Enrico Caiani (Politecnico di Milano, Italy, and Istituto Ortopedico IRCCS Galeazzi, Italy)
Copyright: © 2008
|Pages: 9
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch038
Abstract
The coronary flow reserve (CFR) represents an important functional parameter to assess epicardial coronary stenosis and to evaluate the integrity of coronary microcirculation (Kern, 2000; Sadamatsu, Tashiro, Maehira, & Yamamoto, 2000). CFR can be measured, during adenosine or dipyridamole infusion, as the ratio of maximal (pharmacologically stimulated) to baseline (resting) diastolic coronary blood flow peak. Even in absence of stenosis in epicardial coronary artery, the CFR may be decreased when coronary microvascular circulation is compromised by arterial hypertension with or without left ventricular hypertrophy, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, syndrome X, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and connective tissue diseases (Dimitrow, 2003; Strauer, Motz, Vogt, & Schwartzkopff, 1997). Several methods have been established for measuring CFR: invasive (intracoronary Doppler flow wire) (Caiati, Montaldo, Zedda, Bina, & Iliceto, 1999b; Lethen, Tries, Brechtken, Kersting, & Lambertz, 2003a; Lethen, Tries, Kersting, & Lambertz, 2003b), semi-invasive and scarcely feasible (transesophageal Doppler echocardiography) (Hirabayashi, Morita, Mizushige, Yamada, Ohmori, & Tanimoto, 1991; Iliceto, Marangelli, Memmola, & Rizzon, 1991; Lethen, Tries, Michel, & Lambertz, 2002; Redberg, Sobol, Chou, Malloy, Kumar, & Botvinick, 1995), or extremely expensive and scarcely available methods (PET, SPECT, MRI) (Caiati, Cioglia, Montaldo, Zedda, Rubini, & Pirisi, 1999a; Daimon, Watanabe, Yamagishi, Muro, Akioka, & Hirata, 2001; Koskenvuo, Saraste, Niemi, Knuuti, Sakuma, & Toikka, 2003; Laubenbacher, Rothley, Sitomer, Beanlands, Sawada, & Sutor, 1993; Picano, Parodi, Lattanzi, Sambuceti, Andrade, & Marzullo, 1994; Saraste, Koskenvuo, Knuuti, Toikka, Laine, & Niemi, 2001; Williams, Mullani, Jansen, & Anderson, 1994), thus their clinical use is limited (Dimitrow, 2003). In addition, PET and intracoronary Doppler flow wire involve radiation exposure, with inherent risk, environmental impact, and biohazard connected with use of ionizing testing (Picano, 2003a). In the last decade, the development of new ultrasound equipments and probes has made possible the noninvasive evaluation of coronary blood velocity by Doppler echocardiography, using a transthoracic approach. In this way, the peak diastolic coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) can be estimated as the ratio of the maximal (pharmacologically stimulated) to baseline (resting) diastolic coronary blood flow velocity peak measured from the Doppler tracings. Several studies have shown that peak diastolic CFVR, computed in the distal portion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, correlates with CFR obtained by more invasive techniques. This provided a reliable and non invasive tool for the diagnosis of LAD coronary artery disease (Caiati et al., 1999b; Caiati, Montaldo, Zedda, Montisci, Ruscazio, & Lai, 1999c; Hozumi, Yoshida, Akasaka, Asami, Ogata, & Takagi, 1998; Koskenvuo et al., 2003; Saraste et al., 2001).