What is Formative and Reflective Measurement Models

Refers to the relation between latent constructs and manifest indicators (i.e., items) in Structural Equation Models. In reflective measurement models, the causal path runs from the latent variable to the indicators, whereas in formative models the indicators are combinations that form the composite latent variable.

A Model for Usability in E-Commerce Services: Theoretical Concept and Empirical Evidence

Udo Konradt (University of Kiel, Germany), Friedemann W. Nerdinger (University of Rostock, Germany), and Thomas Ellwart (University of Trier, Germany)