What is Measurement Equivalence

This book chapter addresses essential ethical principles in cross-cultural research and explores fundamental ethical challenges encountered in both historical and contemporary implementations, using examples. Furthermoree, this book chapter evaluates what the methodological isues and challenges are in cross-cultural research such as construct and measurements equivelance and considers potential solutions and points of attention. The ethical principles, ethical difficulties encountered, methodological problems and issues addressed in this book chapter are presented in each topic, with recommendations and examples for researchers to pay attention to. This book chapter also includes a section on recommendations, and in this section, the main difficulties that cross-cultural researchers may face and possible solutions are brought to the agenda. In addition, researchers are also advised on what to pay attention to in future cross-cultural research (e.g. online research).