What is National Policies

This chapter analyzes the state of convergence in European higher education, in the Bologna framework (as set in the Bologna declaration of 1999), based on the indicators of national policies. The authors analyzed the research papers dedicated to the topic in mainstream literature, and on that basis, they proposed a set of models for discussing policies and select relevant indicators. These indicators were debated with 10 knowledgeable experts in the field of higher education and university management, and stemming from the discussions, a questionnaire was drafted. The questionnaire was then sent out to 500 people in the HE system (following a snowball sampling). The authors received 109 valid questionnaires, which were qualitatively analyzed in the study. Thus, they find and discuss the most suitable indicators for characterizing the convergence of policies in higher education.