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What is Parallel Computing

Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition
Computations performed in parallel on distributed computers or processors. Parallel computing program needs a special treatment to divide computations into many sub-computations on the distributed computers or processors. Special parallel computers would need special programing technique to divide the task into many sub-tasks or to achieve the communication among processors or computers if needed.
Published in Chapter:
Computer-Assisted Parallel Program Generation
Shigeo Kawata (Utsunomiya University, Japan)
Copyright: © 2018 |Pages: 11
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch398
Abstract
Parallel computation is widely employed in scientific researches, engineering activities and product development. Parallel program writing itself is not always a simple task depending on problems solved. Large-scale scientific computing, huge data analyses and precise visualizations, for example, would require parallel computations, and the parallel computing needs the parallelization techniques. In this Chapter a parallel program generation support is discussed, and a computer-assisted parallel program generation system P-NCAS is introduced. Computer assisted problem solving is one of key methods to promote innovations in science and engineering, and contributes to enrich our society and our life toward a programming-free environment in computing science. Problem solving environments (PSE) research activities had started to enhance the programming power in 1970's. The P-NCAS is one of the PSEs; The PSE concept provides an integrated human-friendly computational software and hardware system to solve a target class of problems.
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Nature Inspired Parallel Computing
The term parallel computing refers to the use of (parallel) supercomputers and computer clusters. Parallel computing is a form of computing in which many instructions are carried out simultaneously. It operates on the principle that large problems can almost always be divided into smaller ones, which may be solved concurrently (“in parallel”). It has been used for many years, but interest in it has become greater in recent years due to physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. Parallel computing exists in several different forms, bit-level parallelism, instruction-level parallelism, data parallelism, and task parallelism. Parallelism is a primary method for accelerating the total power of a supercomputer. Computational physics applications have been the primary drivers in the development of parallel computing over the last 20 years. Languages (e.g., Fortran and C) and libraries (e.g., message passing interface (MPI) and linear algebra libraries, i.e., LAPACK) allow the programmer to access or expose parallelism in a variety of standard ways.
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