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What is Reciprocity

Student-Centered Virtual Learning Environments in Higher Education
Bilateral interaction of two learners in an online-based learning setting.
Published in Chapter:
Indicators for Cooperative, Online-Based Learning and Their Role in Quality Management of Online Learning
Elske Ammenwerth (University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics, and Technology, Austria), Werner O. Hackl (University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics, and Technology, Austria), Alexander Hoerbst (University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics, and Technology, Austria), and Michael Felderer (University of Innsbruck, Austria)
Copyright: © 2019 |Pages: 20
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5769-2.ch001
Abstract
Learning is a constructive and social process that works best in interaction with others. From this perspective, interaction and cooperation are seen as essential for learning especially in online-based learning environments. The objective of this chapter is to propose and test indicators for cooperative online-based learning. The indicators focus on three areas: presence of participants (indicators: access index, access pattern index), participation of participants (reading index, contribution index, completion index), and interaction of participants (answer contribution index, connectivity index, reciprocity index). The indicators can be applied both to students and instructors. The indicators were applied to three online-based courses in higher education. Log data from the learning management system was used. Also, success rates, student evaluations, and workload analysis were conducted. Results show that the indicators can be calculated automatically and can provide meaningful information for students' and instructors' dashboards. The presented indicators are tailored to cooperative online-based learning environments, where interaction and cooperation are means of fostering higher levels of learning.
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The Disciplining and Professionalization of Community Engagement: The Master's Degree
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All Our Relations: Stories From the Classroom and the Land
A term used to describe the concept of sharing for mutual benefit.
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CALL in Service-Learning: Innovations to Foster Second Language Development
In service-learning, it is the reciprocal exchange of ideas, actions, and emotions, between the volunteers and the organization. It is when understanding takes place for both parties and change of attitudes and social paradigms occurs.
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Antecedents of Trust in Online Communities
Returning favors, which is a major way of building trust.
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Institutional Entrepreneurship, Trust, and Regulatory Capture in the Digital Economy
Two individuals are confident each other if the responder behaviours are motivated to return kind behaviour for kind behaviour, and unkind for unkind. The reciprocity principle is based on the will of an individual to sacrifice his own material well-being to help or to punish those who are being kind or to punish who are being unkind.
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Philosophy of Science and Rooted Reciprocity: The Interface
Reciprocity holds Past-Present-Future in Revealing-Reporting-Reflecting with Connection with -Contribution to-Collaboration. Briefly, Reciprocity is the core of social studies, beyond academia. We summarise it as, Reciprocity is all-encompassing. It has three angles. One, it demands ‘connectivity’ with revealing Indigenous history, oppression, it rewrites the history for re-righting the land, language as the Spirit of social scientists. It is ‘contributing’ as reporting with and within the present people’s physical, social, psychological, spiritual healing individual and collective by the people’s knowledge, as knowledge democracy. Finally, it ‘collaborates’ with a reflection of past and present for decolonizing political, social, academic, and colonial fabrication for ensuring rights as an Ihsan: good deeds for the good deed, good acts for good acts. Reciprocity is all about transformation in terms of social, political, economic, and spiritual (Chowdhury, Wahab & Saad, 2022 AU127: The in-text citation "Chowdhury, Wahab & Saad, 2022" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. , p.23).
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Cultivating Growth Mindset: Fostering Mental Attitude Development in Service-Learning for Enhanced Mathematical Learning
Mutual exchange or benefit; in the service-learning context, it refers to the idea that students and the community gain from the educational experience.
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Skype-Based Tandem Language Learning and Web 2.0
In the context of tandem language learning, reciprocity refers to the degree to which both language learners contribute to the other’s language learning. In order to be mutually beneficial, an exchange should allow both partners approximately the same level of opportunity to speak and listen in their target language.
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From Caring to Cared For: Prioritizing an Ethic of Care for Special Educators
The provision that caring encounters are a mutual exchange of both giving and receiving in a relationship.
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Social Capital and Social Identity: Friendship and Kinship Connections as a Source of Social Capital
Providing advantage and help to other people, including privileges given from one individual or organization to another.
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Unpacking Teachers' Growth in Culturally Responsive Teaching Differentiating for English Learners
Teachers’ and students’ mutual interchange and accommodation during teaching and learning during lessons.
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Online Social Networks: Recommendation Diffusion and Co-Consumption Influence
A tie between A and B is reciprocal, if it is bi-directional, i.e., if the tie is directed and symmetric (a flow occurs front A to B. and front B to A). A reciprocal tie is also called symmetric.
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Reciprocity-in-Kind to Reciprocity in Research: The Shift and Becoming
Reciprocity holds Past-Present-Future in Revealing-Reporting-Reflecting with Connection with -Contribution to-Collaboration. Briefly, Reciprocity is the core of social studies, beyond academia. We summarise it as Reciprocity is all-encompassing. It has three angles. One, it demands ‘connectivity’ with revealing Indigenous history, and oppression, it rewrites the history for re-righting the land, and language as the spirit of social scientists as Spirit. It is ‘contributing’ as reporting with and within the present people’s physical, social, psychological, spiritual healing individual and collective by the people’s knowledge, as knowledge democracy . Finally, it ‘collaborates’ with a reflection of past and present for decolonizing political, social, academic, and colonial fabrication for ensuring rights as an Ihsan: good deeds for the good deed, good acts for good acts. Reciprocity is all about transformation in terms of social, political, economic, and spiritual (Chowdhury, Abd Wahab & Saad, 2022 AU254: The in-text citation "Chowdhury, Abd Wahab & Saad, 2022" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. , p.23).
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The Phenomenological Claims of Gratitude as a Religious Experience and Its Moral Worth: Expression and Applicability
Reciprocity is a social norm of responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kind actions. It signifies the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one group or organization to another. Reciprocity involve mutual exchange in which two people or groups perform mutual or corresponding actions based on the actions of the other. This can be an exchange of things like effort or affection. But the word is especially used to refer to a reciprocal relationship between two countries involving mutual policies or aid. Two countries that engage in reciprocity may extend certain advantages or privileges to each other’s citizens, or may require certain obligations required by the other country, such as document fees.
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Social Capital and Innovation: A Theoretical Perspective
Giving help and advantage to others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted from one organization to another.
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The Role of Error Correction in Online Exchanges
Refers to the partners’ mutual support in the learning process; both partners should contribute equally to their work together and benefit to the same extent.
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Contributions of Social Capital Theory to HRM
Willingness and readiness for an affective and/or behavioral response to the purposeful action of a partner. May be positive and negative, and sometimes is defined as a behavioral manifestation of trust.
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