What is Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge

The use of existing and emerging technologies in teaching and learning provides the opportunity to present subject-area content using devices, programs, and venues in ways that promote higher-order thinking and long-term retention. In the last decade, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have resulted in the development of virtual reality programs that enable end-users to interact with content in third and fourth-dimensional interactive spaces (i.e., extended reality or XR). The transformation beyond traditional face-to-face or two-dimensional teaching and learning has resulted in an unforeseen digital side effect. The digital side effect presents in the form of deepfakes or the deliberate alteration of audio and visual content to advance a specific point of view. The premise of this chapter is to present a primer using the technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) and levels of use construct to mitigate the presence of deepfake and malinformation in subject-area content when working in XR environments.