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What is Unsupervised Learning

Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry
It is a learning technique that discovers patterns and information that was previously undetected.
Published in Chapter:
Review of the Studies Related to COVID-19 and Tourism Using Text Mining Techniques
Burcu Kartal (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Turkey) and Mehmet Fatih Sert (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Turkey)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch043
Abstract
This study aims to provide a roadmap for research dealing with the tourism sector. In this context, by conducting a study in the form of a literature review, researchers are informed about what has been done and what is missing. In the study, articles that have been accepted from scientific journals indexed in the SCOPUS database before January 18, 2021 and dealing with COVID-19 and tourism issues are examined. The study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, descriptive statistics were given in terms of the region studied in the articles, the journal in which the articles were published, and the methods used in the articles from a general perspective. In the second stage, articles are divided into sections such as title, keywords, abstract, and conclusion. Each article section has been analyzed separately with text mining and clustering analysis, taking into account both single and double-word groups. As a result of analysis, it was determined that theoretical studies were carried out and quantitative methods were used in most of the studies.
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Designing Unsupervised Hierarchical Fuzzy Logic Systems
In unsupervised learning there is no external teacher or critic to oversee the learning process. In other words, there are no specific examples of the function to be learned by the system. Rather, provision is made for a task-independent measure of the quality or representation that the system is required to learn. That is the system learns statistical regularities of the input data and it develops the ability to learn the feature of the input data and thereby create new classes automatically
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First of All, Understand Data Analytics Context and Changes
Unsupervised learning identifies hidden patterns or intrinsic structures in the data. It is used to draw conclusions from datasets composed of labeled unacknowledged input data.
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Consensus Clustering
Contrary to the supervised learning we have only the data set X = { x 1 , …, x m } of m objects or entities. The aim of unsupervised learning is to find inner structure in this set, or equivalently, to find some regularities in this set. Clustering is a possible tool used to extract such information, but other approaches (e.g. self organizing maps) may be used as well.
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Use of PCA Solution in Hierarchy and Case of Two Classes of Data Sets to Initialize Parameters for Clustering Function: An Estimation Method for Clustering Function in Classification Application
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Natural Language Processing in Online Reviews
In unsupervised machine learning algorithms, the model learns from unlabeled data instances by finding the similarity or association between them.
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Marketing and Artificial Intelligence: Personalization at Scale
A machine learning technique that involves providing a machine with data that is not labeled, instead allowing for the machine to learn by association.
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The Evolution of AI and Its Transformative Effects on Computing: A Comparative Analysis
Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where a computer system learns patterns and structures in data without any explicit guidance or labeled examples. Unlike supervised learning, unsupervised learning algorithms work with unlabeled data, meaning there are no predefined output labels or desired outcomes provided.
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Active Learning with SVM
The set of learning algorithms in which the samples in training dataset are all unlabelled.
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Machine Learning: A Revolution in Accounting
Unsupervised learning is a significant approach in machine learning. It involves training a model on unlabeled data, enabling the model to recognize intrinsic patterns without explicit guidance on desired outputs, unlike supervised learning.
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Stochastic Drought Forecasting Exploration for Water Resources Management in the Upper Tana River Basin, Kenya
In unsupervised learning, network is able to learn and recognize patterns in data set whenever the data is introduced to the network. It is achieved through a competitive learning rule.
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Guaranteeing User Rates With Reinforcement Learning in 5G Radio Access Networks
Type of machine learning algorithm that is capable of learning a function that best represents a model from datasets consisting of unlabeled input data.
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Semi-Supervised Dimension Reduction Techniques to Discover Term Relationships
Estimation of the parameters of a model considering only un-labeled data and without the help of human experts.
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Advancements in Computer Aided Imaging Diagnostics
A machine learning method without human intervention.
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Categorization of Data Clustering Techniques
This is a machine-learning approach in which a model is fit to a given set of observations. It is distinguished from supervised learning by the fact that there is no a priori output.
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Analytics of User Behaviors on Twitter Using Machine Learning
A type of the machine learning algorithm in which only the input of the algorithm is considered such as for clustering or dimensionality reduction.
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Differential Learning Expert System in Data Management
A specific type of a learning algorithm, especially for self-organizing neural nets such as the Kohonen feature map.
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Artificial Neural Networks for Business Analytics
A learning strategy of developing an ANN in which the desired output, or dependent attribute, is unknown.
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Emerging Technologies to Increase Energy Efficiency and Decrease Indoor Pollution in University Campuses
It is a subcategory of Machine Learning (and Artificial Intelligence). It uses learning algorithms to analyse and cluster unlabelled datasets. These algorithms focus on discovering hidden patterns or data groupings without the need for human intervention.
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A Comprehensive Study of Various Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithms
By applying machine learning algorithms to the analysis and classification of unlabeled datasets, unsupervised learning (also known as unsupervised machine learning) is able to shed light on previously opaque data. Without the help of a human, these algorithms can unearth previously unseen patterns or groups of related data.
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Identification of Wireless Devices From Their Physical Layer Radio-Frequency Fingerprints
The machine learning task of deducing a function to describe hidden structure from a set of unlabeled data.
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Machine Learning Approaches to Automated Medical Decision Support Systems
Treats all variables the same way so as to determine the different classes based on diverse features observed in the collection of unlabeled data that encompass the sample set. It is assumed that the user is unaware of the classes due to the lack of information sufficiently available.
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Concerning the Integration of Machine Learning Content in Mechatronics Curricula
Machine learning approach used for clustering. Learns from unlabeled data (i.e., there is no supervision from a human who specifies the labels for the data).
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Amplifying Participant Voices Through Text Mining
A text mining algorithm, such as cluster analysis, that can analyze natural language automatically, without needing to be trained and refined by a researcher.
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Artificial Intelligence Applied: Six Actual Projects in Big Organizations
A particular form of learning process that takes place without supervision and that affects the training of an artificial neural networks.
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Growing Self-Organizing Maps for Data Analysis
Method of machine learning where a model is fit to observations. It is distinguished from supervised learning by the fact that there is no a priori output.
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Machine Learning
A method of empirical concept learning from unlabeled data. The task is to build a model that finds groups of similar examples or that finds dependencies between attribute-value tuples.
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Machine Learning in Computer Vision
A Machine learning technique. It does not need any known data. It discovers various data information by itself.
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Machine Learning and Sentiment Analysis for Analyzing Customer Feedback: A Review
In contrast to supervised learning, unsupervised learning algorithms learn patterns exclusively from unlabelled data.
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Techniques and Methods That Help to Make Big Data the Simplest Recipe for Success
Unsupervised learning identifies hidden patterns or intrinsic structures in the data. It is used to draw conclusions from datasets composed of labeled unacknowledged input data.
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The Future of Advertising: Influencing and Predicting Response Through Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Neuroscience
A machine learning technique in which the users do not need to supervise the model. Instead, it allows the model to work on its own to discover patterns and information that was previously undetected. It mainly deals with the unlabeled data.
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Discovery of Sustainable Transport Modes Underlying TripAdvisor Reviews With Sentiment Analysis: Transport Domain Adaptation of Sentiment Labelled Data Set
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Identifying Patterns in Fresh Produce Purchases: The Application of Machine Learning Techniques
A class of machine learning techniques designed to identify features and patterns in data. There is no mapping function to be learned or output values to be achieved. Cluster analysis is an example of unsupervised learning.
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Opinion Mining in Tourism: A Study on “Cappadocia Home Cooking” Restaurant
Machine learning is one of the methods. It aims to explore groups within the data that are either non-class or not.
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A Study on Supervised Machine Learning Technique to Detect Anomalies in Networks
It is a machine learning technique that is used to find undetected patterns without using any pre-defined label data.
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Learning Aided Digital Image Compression Technique for Medical Application
It is used with SOM where there is no reference to follow. It adopts a competitive learning approach to form clusters of samples that have commonality.
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Cancer Diagnosis Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT)
The algorithm is trained by certain data (labels or patterns) and the task is to relate the input to the output structure, hence called Unsupervised Learning.
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Improving the Quality of Web Search
Consider a system which receives some sequence of inputs x1, x2, x3, …, where xt is the sensory input at time t. This input, called the data, could correspond to an image on the retina, the pixels in a camera, or a sound waveform. It could also correspond to less-obviously sensory data, for example, the words in a news story, or the list of items in a supermarket shopping basket. In unsupervised learning, the system simply receives inputs x1, x2, …, but obtains neither supervised target outputs, nor rewards from its environment. It may seem somewhat mysterious to imagine what the system could possibly learn, given that it does not get any feedback from its environment. However, it is possible to develop a formal framework for unsupervised learning based on the notion that the system’s goal is to build representations of the input that can be used for decision-making, predicting future inputs, efficiently communicating the inputs to another system, and so forth. In a sense, unsupervised learning can be thought of as finding patterns in the data above and beyond what would be considered pure, unstructured noise. Two very simple classic examples of unsupervised learning are clustering and dimensionality reduction.
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The Exploration of Autonomous Vehicles
Is the training of an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm using a dataset that is neither classified nor labeled and allowing the algorithm to process the dataset and find patterns without guidance.
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A Meta-Analytical Review of Deep Learning Prediction Models for Big Data
Unsupervised learning make use of artificial intelligence algorithms for identifying pattern in data sets containing data points that are neither classified nor labeled.
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An Overview of Applications of Artificial Intelligence Using Different Techniques, Algorithms, and Tools
Unsupervised learning is used when the attributes to be predicted are unknown in all instances. This learning generally involves learning structured patterns in the data by rejecting pure unstructured noise.
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Clubhouse Experience: Sentiment Analysis of an Alternative Platform From the Eyes of Classic Social Media Users
Unsupervised learning is the approach used when little or no idea of what the desired output from the data looks like. Various models and structures can be created by clustering the data based on the relationships between the variables.
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Machine Learning Algorithms in Human Gait Analysis
A sub-category of machine learning that creates data clusters used for categorisation by using a rough learning objective, no. of clusters, etc. as input along with the dataset.
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Promises and Challenges Relating to Machine Learning Techniques to Predict Areas at Risk of Desertification: A State-of-the-Art Review
Machine learning algorithms used to cluster and analyze unlabeled data, whereby hidden patterns in the data can be discovered without the need for human intervention. Used for clustering, determination of association rules as well as dimensionality reduction of a dataset.
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Data Mining and the KDD Process
Learning process of a descriptive model (patterns) by observation and discovery from a set of unlabeled objects.
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Artificial Neural Networks
A learning method used to train ANNs where the ANN learns directly from the input values given to determine adjustments in connection weights.
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Airbnb (Air Bed and Breakfast) Listing Analysis Through Machine Learning Techniques
A technique in machine learning that allows users to run the model without supervision.
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Artificial Intelligence a Driver for Digital Transformation
A type of machine learning where an algorithm is trained with information that is neither classified nor labelled, thus allowing the algorithm to act without guidance (or supervision).
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Use of Generative AI Tools to Facilitate Personalized Learning in the Flipped Classroom
In machine learning, it is a method of self-finding labels for learning; In the pre-class learning section of flipped classroom, students can learn and complete the pre-class test independently.
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Understanding Machine Learning Concepts
It is a type of Machine Learning. It uses learning algorithms to analyze and cluster unlabeled datasets. These algorithms focus on discovering hidden patterns or data groupings without the need for human intervention.
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GTM User Modeling for aIGA Weight Tuning in TTS Synthesis
Learning techniques that group instances without a pre-specified dependent attribute. Clustering algorithms are usually unsupervised methods for grouping data sets.
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Deep Learning Approach for Detecting Customer Churn in Telecommunication Industry
Machine learning procedure that involves the construction of models without the usage of a training set. Models unearth hidden patterns and insights in the data that is provided.
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Machine Learning for Smart Tourism and Retail
The field in machine learning which is concerned on the development of algorithms that learn functions from unlabeled data.
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Deep Learning Applications in Agriculture: The Role of Deep Learning in Smart Agriculture
Unsupervised Learning aims at inferring the given unlabelled data using a different type of structures present in the data points.
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EarLocalizer: A Deep-Learning-Based Ear Localization Model for Side Face Images in the Wild
In this learning, the model does not require labeled data for training. The model learns the nature of data and does predictions.
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Is part of machine learning that realistically resembles the human learning process by having the ability to learn from set of activities without having a specified outcome.
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Towards an Effective Imaging-Based Decision Support System for Skin Cancer
A machine learning algorithm that learns from unlabeled data, learning and detecting characteristic data patterns on its own.
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Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Big Data Analysis
Unsupervised learning, which is frequently used for clustering, dimensionality reduction, or anomaly detection, is a machine learning paradigm in which a model investigates and finds patterns in unlabeled data without explicit direction.
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Machine Learning in Radio Resource Scheduling
Type of machine learning algorithm that is capable of learning a function that best represents a model from datasets consisting of unlabeled input data.
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Data Science Tools Application for Business Processes Modelling in Aviation
Is a method used to enable machines to classify both tangible and intangible objects without providing the machines with any prior information about the objects. The things machines need to classify are varied, such as customer purchasing habits, behavioral patterns of bacteria and hacker attacks. The main idea behind unsupervised learning is to expose the machines to large volumes of varied data and allow it to learn and infer from the data. However, the machines must first be programmed to learn from data.
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Application of Machine Learning In Forensic Science
Unsupervised learning is a machine learning technique, where you do not need to supervise the model.
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Artificial Neural Networks and Their Applications in Business
A learning strategy in which the desired output, or dependent attribute, is unknown.
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The Role and Applications of Machine Learning in Future Self-Organizing Cellular Networks
A class of machine learning algorithms that, given a set of unlabeled data, is capable of learning a function that best represents the model.
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Machine Learning Applications for Vibration-Based Structural Health Monitoring
Machine learning task where the algorithm learns patterns from data consisting of only input features.
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Artificial Neural Networks and Data Science
A learning strategy in which the desired output, or dependent attribute, is unknown.
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Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence in Law Enforcement: A Comprehensive Review of Opportunities and Ethical Challenges
This occurs when the AI takes in data and discovers patterns without a human being involved.
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Plant Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Techniques
An algorithm learns from unlabeled data to discover hidden patterns or relationships without being given specific output labels or feedback. The goal is to find structure or patterns in the input data.
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Generative AI in Higher Education
Unlike supervised learning, this machine learning technique uses data that are not labeled, allowing the algorithm to act on the data without guidance.
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Imbalanced Classification for Business Analytics
A machine learning technique of detecting unknown pattern in unlabeled data.
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AI Methods for Analyzing Microarray Data
A learning algorithm that tries to identify clusters based on similarity between features or between instances or both but without taking into account any prior knowledge.
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An Extensive Text Mining Study for the Turkish Language: Author Recognition, Sentiment Analysis, and Text Classification
It is a machine learning technique. It is used to estimate an unknown structure from unlabeled data.
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Customer Segmentation of Shopping Mall Users Using K-Means Clustering
Unsupervised learning, also known as unsupervised machine learning, utilizes machine learning algorithms to analyze and cluster unlabeled data. Without human intervention, these algorithms identify hidden patterns or groups of data. Its ability to find similarities and differences in information makes it the ideal solution for exploratory data analysis, cross-selling strategies, customer segmentation, and image recognition.
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Ensemble Clustering Data Mining and Databases
Contrary to the supervised case we have only the data set X = { x 1 , …, x m } of m objects or entities. The aim of unsupervised learning is to find inner structure in this set, or equivalently, to find some regularities in this set. Clustering is a possible tool used to extract such information, but other approaches (e.g. self organizing maps) may be used as well. If the labels l i are known for a (usually small) subset of X we are faced with semi-supervised learning.
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A Comprehensive Review on AI Techniques for Healthcare
It is a machine learning algorithm that is used to make the computer learn from unlabelled data.
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Exploring the Possibilities of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Techniques to Enhance Gamified Financial Services
It is a subcategory of Machine Learning (and Artificial Intelligence). It uses learning algorithms to analyze and cluster unlabelled datasets. These algorithms focus on discovering hidden patterns or data groupings without the need for human intervention.
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Malware Detection in Network Flows With Self-Supervised Deep Learning
Unsupervised machine learning is designed to discover patterns or groupings within datasets where no dependent or target variable is present. It is typically used to discover relationships where no labeled outcome variable is known to the algorithm and is frequently used in the area of clustering, association and dimensionality reduction. For the purposes of this paper, unsupervised learning is used for anomaly detection within multivariate data without the use of a labeled outcome dependent variable.
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Machine Learning and Exploratory Data Analysis in Cross-Sell Insurance
In unsupervised learning, machine learns itself without any supervision. No labelled dataset is available in unsupervised learning. Unsupervised learning is a kind of self-organized learning. Objective of unsupervised learning to discover the underlying patterns.
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Machine Learning Techniques for IoT-Based Indoor Tracking and Localization
The unsupervised learning technique trains the system using unlabeled observation data, which has not any prior information about the output value.
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Microarrays
Includes the calculation of correlations among data without supervision or external help.
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Machine Learning and Optimization Applications for Soft Robotics
Unsupervised learning technique learns patterns from unlabeled observation data with no previous knowledge of the output value.
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