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What is Working Memory

Handbook of Research on 3-D Virtual Environments and Hypermedia for Ubiquitous Learning
Working Memory refers to a unit of the human information processing system. The duration of information retention is limited.
Published in Chapter:
Examining the Effectiveness of Hyperaudio Learning Environments
Joerg Zumbach (Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria) and Stephanie Moser (Technical University of Munich, Germany)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0125-1.ch018
Abstract
The focus of instructional designers is increasingly shifting towards mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets and their use for learning purposes. These devices not only enable text-based but also audio-based instruction. This chapter presents the concept of hyperaudio, a special type of non-linear auditory learning environment. Contrary to other instructional devices such as hypertext, there is little research on learning with hyperaudio yet. In view of this scientific gap, this chapter aims at examining the effect of non-linear auditory presentation of information in more detail. To begin with, cognitive processes which are crucial for hyperaudio learning are examined. Then, some seminal studies investigating the design of hyperaudio learning environments and their influence on learning processes are presented. Results indicate that non-linear auditory information presentation is not always beneficial in terms of learning outcomes and cognitive load.
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Influence of Multimedia and Cognitive Strategies in Deep and Surface Verbal Processing: A Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence Perspective
Working memory refers to the temporary storage in human brain. It is characterized by a central executive function which has two sub-systems: phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad.
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Supporting Literacy and Social Connectedness in a Pandemic Through the “Autobiographical R/W/L/S” Method
A cognitive system with a limited capacity to hold information temporarily so that it can be manipulated by higher-level brain processes.
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Cognitive Skills Training in Stabilization Process in Trauma Scope and Implications
A cognitive domain that has a limited capacity for information. It causes difficulties in reasoning and decision-making.
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Cognitive Load Theory, Spacing Effect, and Working Memory Resources Depletion: Implications for Instructional Design
A cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding and processing information.
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Cogni-Prelit: Empowering Executive Functions Embedded With Preliteracy Learning in Preschool Children at Risk for Reading Difficulties
The cognitive process of temporary storage of information, with the aim of promptly recalling and concurrently processing it.
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Human Cognition in the Design of Assistive Technology for Those with Learning Disabilities
A temporary memory store responsible for the active processing of information; the most widely accepted model is that by cognitive psychologist Alan D. Baddeley who proposed the model of working memory.
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Teachers as First Responders: Executive Function Knowledge Improves Instruction
A temporally-limited ability to concurrently store, process, and manipulate information
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Cognitive and Linguistic Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders
The ability to maintain and process information mentally.
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Relationship Between Performance Error and Human Information Processing
Working memory is the theoretical framework in cognitive psychology that describes the processes for processing and storing information. Baddeley & Hitch (1974) made the model of working memory. It consists of one main system, “central executive,” and two slave systems, “phonological loop” and “visuospatical sketch pad.”
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Language, Social Pragmatic Communication, and Childhood Trauma
A cognitive skill that allows one to hold on to one piece of information while processing other information. Working memory is involved in skills such as problem solving and reading comprehension ( Borella, Carretti, Cornoldi, & De Beni, 2020 ).
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Using Concept Maps to Enhance Students' Prior Knowledge in Complex Learning
Working memory is a theoretical framework that refers to the structures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulating information. According to Baddeley and Hitch (1974), the working memory consists of two “slave systems” responsible for short-term maintenance of information, and a “central executive” responsible for the supervision of information integration and for coordinating the slave systems. One slave system, the articulatory loop, stores phonological information and prevents its decay by silently articulating its contents, thereby refreshing the information in a rehearsal loop. The other slave system, the visuo-spatial sketch pad, stores visual and spatial information. It can be used, for example, for constructing and manipulating visual images, and for the representation of mental maps. The sketch pad can be further broken down into a visual subsystem (dealing with, for instance, shape, color, and texture), and a spatial subsystem (dealing with location). The central executive system is, among other things, responsible for directing attention to relevant information, suppressing irrelevant information and inappropriate actions, and coordinating cognitive processes when more than one task must be done at the same time. Studies show that the working memory is very limited in both duration and capacity. The working memory typically stores about seven elements but normally operates on only two or three elements.
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Informing the Design of Future Literacy Technologies with Theories of Cognitive Science
The limited pool of cognitive resources dedicated to both short-term storage and processing.
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Creating Expert Learners in Remote Classrooms: Strategies to Support Executive Functioning Skills
The part of our memory which temporarily holds a limited amount of information.
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Fake News?: Critical Thinking Through the Lens of Social Intuition Theory
A storage place in the dual model. It is the conscious part of the brain with limited capacity (5-9 units of information), and short duration of information storage (about 30 seconds).
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Learning With Immersive Technology: A Cognitive Perspective
The working memory model proposed by Baddeley defines working memory as a temporary information processing storage within human brain that consists of three key components: central executive and two slave subsystems (phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad). The phonological loop processes auditory information like sound, music, etc. The visuo-spatial sketchpad processes visual information like text, images, animation, etc. The central executive allocates attention to the slave subsystems and coordinates the operation of working memory. Within working memory, the auditory and visual information interact to form mental representations of the external object.
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Mobile Phone Multitasking and Learning
A limited capacity system that holds information while it is being processed; this constrains a learner’s ability to process other new information at the same time.
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Cognitive Profiling in Life-Long Learning
Denotes the memory capable of transient preservation of information, which is functionally different from the memory that stores historical information (long-term memory).
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Using Video Games to Improve Spatial Skills
The ability to transiently store and manipulate information.
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Theory and Application: Construction of Multimodal eLearning
A newer conceptualization of short term memory, only can hold information for 15-20 seconds ( Peterson & Peterson, 1959 ).
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Investigating Natural Language Processing Strategies for Cognitive Support in Chemo-Brain Patients
The part of short-term memory which is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing.
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Cognitive Functionality of Multimedia in Problem Solving
Working memory is a theoretical framework that refers to the structures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulating information. According to Baddeley and Hitch (1974), the working memory consists of two “slave systems” responsible for short-term maintenance of information, and a “central executive” responsible for the supervision of information integration and for coordinating the slave systems. One slave system, the articulatory loop, stores phonological information and prevents its decay by silently articulating its contents, thereby refreshing the information in a rehearsal loop. The other slave system, the visuo-spatial sketch pad, stores visual and spatial information. It can be used, for example, for constructing and manipulating visual images, and for the representation of mental maps. The sketch pad can be further broken down into a visual subsystem (dealing with, for instance, shape, color, and texture), and a spatial subsystem (dealing with location). The central executive system is, among other things, responsible for directing attention to relevant information, suppressing irrelevant information and inappropriate actions, and coordinating cognitive processes when more than one task must be done at the same time. Studies show that the working memory is very limited in both duration and capacity. The working memory typically stores about seven elements but normally operates on only two or three elements.
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What Cognitive Psychology Can Tell Us About Educational Computer Games
A short-term memory system comprised of a central executive (associated with attention) and several slave sub-systems (associated with storage of items of a particular types such verbal-phonological, visuo-spatial, episodic). The key feature of working memory is that it deals with both the short-term storage of information and the processing of that information within the same cognitive system.
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Expert (Knowledge-Based) Systems
The component of an expert system that contains answers to the questions and partial results obtained during inference.
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