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Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications

Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications

Mario Freire (University of Beira Interior, Portugal) and Manuela Pereira (University of Beira Interior, Portugal)
Copyright: © 2008 |Pages: 750
ISBN13: 9781591409939|ISBN10: 1591409934|EISBN13: 9781591409946
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9
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MLA

Freire, Mario, and Manuela Pereira. "Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications." IGI Global, 2008. 1-750. Web. 27 Mar. 2020. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

APA

Freire, M., & Pereira, M. (2008). Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications (pp. 1-750). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

Chicago

Freire, Mario, and Manuela Pereira. "Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications." 1-750 (2008), accessed March 27, 2020. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

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The Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications discusses the extraordinary importance of Internet technologies, with a particular focus on the Web. Through 100 authoritative contributions by 181 of the world's leading experts the Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications includes comprehensive research on Web services, Semantic Web, and Web-based e-activities, among others.

This reference tool is the single source for information on the world's greatest network, and provides a wealth of information for the average Internet consumer, as well as for an expert in the field of networking and Internet technologies. This comprehensive reference provides libraries with the most thorough examination of Internet technologies and applications—an essential resource in supporting the information needs of researchers in a variety of related fields.

Table of Contents

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Front Materials
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Title Page
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Copyright Page
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Editorial Advisory Board
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Preface
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Acknowledgment
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Chapters
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Chapter 1
Michele Mara de Araújo Espíndula Lima (Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil), Nelson Luís Saldanha da Fonseca (State University of Campinas, Brazil)
Although powerful and necessary to prevent network collapse, the congestion control mechanism of the TCP is not sufficient to avoid congestion. Since TCP sources exert a limited control of the network, and unresponsive flows, which...
Active Queue Management
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Chapter 2
Abdelhamid Mellouk (LISSI/SCTIC, University of Paris XII – Val de Marne, France)
Networks, such as the Internet, have become the most important communication infrastructure of today’s society. It enables the worldwide users (individual, group, and organizational) to access and exchange remote information...
Adaptive Routing Quality of Service Algorithms for Internet's Irregular Traffic
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Chapter 3
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
In this article, we concentrate on the architecture of an adaptive real time application that has the capability to transmit multimedia data over heterogeneous networks and adapt the transmission of the multimedia data to the network...
Adaptive Transmission of Multimedia Data over the Internet
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Chapter 4
Pankaj Kamthan (Concordia University, Canada)
The Internet, particularly the Web, has opened new vistas for businesses. The ability that anyone, using (virtually) any device could be reached anytime and anywhere presents a tremendous commercial prospective. In retrospect, the...
Addressing the Credibility of Web Applications
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Chapter 5
ADSL2+ Technology  (pages 29-35)
D. Kagklis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece), S. Androulidakis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece), G. Patikis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece), T. Doukoglou (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece)
This chapter presents and evaluates the ADSL2+ technology with respect to its physical layer performance, which provides the foundation for supporting high-quality residential triple-play services on a massive scale.
ADSL2+ Technology
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Chapter 6
Elisa Bertino (Purdue University, USA), Elena Ferrari (Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Italy), Andrea Perego (Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Italy), Gian Piero Zarri (Université Paris IV, France)
In this chapter, besides discussing the current strategies for Web content filtering, outlining their advantages and drawbacks, we present an approach, formerly developed in the framework of the EU project EUFORBIA, which, besides...
Advanced Techniques for Web Content Filtering
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Chapter 7
Larbi Esmahi (Athabasca University, Canada), Ylber Ramadani (Athabasca University, Canada)
Web services have become a significant technology in the evolution of the Web and distributed computing. Web services represent a set of related standards that allow any two applications to communicate and exchange data via the...
Agent-Based Web Services
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Chapter 8
Andrea Bosin (Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy), Nicoletta Dessì (Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy), Maria Grazia Fugini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy), Diego Liberati (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy), Barbara Pes (Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy)
Scientific experiments are supported by activities that create, use, communicate and distribute information and whose organizational dynamics is similar to processes performed by distributed cooperative enterprise units. The aim of...
ALBA Cooperative Environment for Scientific Experiments
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Chapter 9
Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary), David Tegze (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary)
This chapter presents various congestion control schemes for transport protocols together with a number of metrics for the evaluation of these protocols with special emphasis on fairness-related measures. The paper analyzes some...
Analysis of TCP-Friendly Protocols for Media Streaming
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Chapter 10
Autonomic Computing  (pages 66-71)
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Maurice Mulvenna (University of Ulster, Ireland), Chris Nugent (University of Ulster, Ireland), Matthias Baumgarten (University of Ulster, Ireland)
Modern networks offer end-to-end connectivity however; the increasing amount of traditional offered services may still not fulfill the requirements of ever demanding distributed applications and must therefore be enriched by some...
Autonomic Computing
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Chapter 11
Autonomic Networking  (pages 72-78)
Pantelis N. Karamolegkos (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece), Charalampos Patrikakis (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece), Emmanuel Protonotarios (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece)
The term “autonomic networking” refers to a recently emerged communications paradigm, that uses distributed techniques (swarm intelligence based methods) and distributed hash tables to implement traditional functionalities of...
Autonomic Networking
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Chapter 12
Mark Burgess (Oslo University College, Norway)
Cfengine is a policy-based configuration management system (Burgess 1995). Its pri-mary function is to provide automated configuration and maintenance of computers, from a policy specification.The cfengine project was started in 1993...
Cfengine Configuration Management Agent
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Chapter 13
Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary), Raymond Pardede (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary)
This chapter reviews the most important fact of the application-level multicast (ALM) and then describes a novel concept of modeling relative density of members called bunched mode and a proposed host-end multicast routing protocol...
A Clustering Model of the Application-Level Multicast
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Chapter 14
Wong Kok Seng (Multimedia University, Malaysia), Sellappan Palaniappan (Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia), Nor Adnan Yahaya (Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia)
In today’s Information and Communication Technology (ICT) era, the need for real-time collaboration over the Internet is increasing. Due to ongoing corporate globalization and geographic dispersion of project operations...
Collaborative Support for Graphical Based Design Tools Introduction
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Chapter 15
Kyeongja Lee (Ecole Centrale de Lille, France), Armand Toguyeni (Ecole Centrale de Lille, France), Ahmed Rahmani (Ecole Centrale de Lille, France)
Congestion is derived from insufficient network resources and unbalanced traffic distribution. To treat today’s greedy applications, adding more bandwidth to networks is not the solution for solving the congestion problems in the...
Comparison of Multipath Schemes for Hybrid Models in MPLS
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Chapter 16
Miguel Rodríguez Pérez (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Cándidol López-García (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Sergio Herrería-Alonso (Universidade de Vigo, Spain)
Multicast is a transmission service that simultaneously delivers packets from a sender to a group of receivers. The set of receivers form a multicast group logically identi?ed by a unique multicast address. In a network with network...
Congestion Control in Multicast Networks
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Chapter 17
Kyungbaek Kim (University of California, Irvine, USA), Byungjip Kim (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea), Daeyeon Park (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)
In recent years, the technologies of the network and the computer have developed enormously and the diverse devices such as PDAs, mobile phones, TVs and etc which are connected to the network with various ways such as wired or...
Content-Aware Caching for Cooperative Transcoding Proxies
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Chapter 18
Huaqun Guo (Institute for Infocomm Research and National Univerity of Singapore, Singapore), Daqing Zhang (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore), Lek-Heng Ngoh (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Song Zheng (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore), Wai-Choong Wong (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
The decreasing cost of networking technology and network-enabled devices is driving the large scale deployment of such networks and devices so as to offer many new and innovative services to users in ubiquitous computing. For...
Context-Aware Service Discovery in Ubiquitous Computing
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Chapter 19
Vitor Santos (Microsoft, Portugal), Henrique São Mamede (Universidade Aberta, Portugal)
In this context, the hypothesis to appeal to the capacity of computer systems, based in knowledge or in adaptations of creativity techniques in order to help to produce new combinations and to give unexpected, original, useful and...
Creative Information Systems
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Chapter 20
Tony C. Shan (Bank of America, USA), Winnie W. Hua (CTS Inc., USA)
Nowadays, the eCommerce business models demand increasingly higher performance of information systems that support various business processes. Higher levels of service at a lower cost must be provided by the Information Technology...
Data Caching in Web Applications
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Chapter 21
Hadrian Peter (University of the West Indies, Barbados), Charles Greenidge (University of the West Indies, Barbados)
Traditionally a great deal of research has been devoted to data extraction on the web (Crescenzi, et al, 2001; Embley, et al, 2005; Laender, et al, 2002; Hammer, et al, 1997; Ribeiro-Neto, et al, 1999; Huck, et al, 1998; Wang &...
Data Extraction from Deep Web Sites
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Chapter 22
Sergio Herrería-Alonso (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Manuel Fernández Veiga (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Andrés Suárez González (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Miguel Rodríguez Pérez (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Cándido López-García (Universidade de Vigo, Spain)
IP networks only offer best-effort service to all kinds of traffic. This means that IP tries to deliver each packet as quickly as possible, but makes no service guarantees. However, as the diversity of applications increase, this...
The Differentiated Services Architecture
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Chapter 23
Mihály Orosz (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary), Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary), Ferenc Kovács (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary)
Despite the efficiency of the IP-multicast it has not been deployed in the whole Internet. The main reason is that the wide-area multicasting among the different autonomous systems (AS) has not been solved perfectly. The global...
DNS-Based Allocation of Multicast Addresses
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Chapter 24
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Eri Giannaka (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Thrasyvoulos Tsiatsos (Aristoleian University of Thessaloniki and Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece)
E-Collaboration is an important research topic, with a great number of researchers contributing on many aspects. The main reason for this major research activity is the broad topic’s scope, which involves not only technological but...
E-Collaboration Concepts, Systems, and Applications
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Chapter 25
Kyungbaek Kim (University of California, Irvine, USA), Daeyeon Park (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)
The recent increase in popularity of the Web has led to a considerable increase in the amount of Internet traffic. As a result, the Web has now become one of the primary bottlenecks to network performance and web caching has become...
Efficient and Scalable Client-Clustering for Proxy Cache
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Chapter 26
E-Learning  (pages 179-184)
Gregory R. Gay (University of Toronto, Canada), Paola Salomoni (University of Bologna, Italy), Silvia Mirri (University of Bologna, Italy)
The evolution of an Information Society has transformed many activities in our everyday lives, including how we work, communicate, entertain, teach and learn. More recently widespread Internet connectivity together with the...
E-Learning
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Chapter 27
Lampros Raptis (National Technical University of Athens, Greece), D. Kagklis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece), Yiorgos Patikis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece)
Ethernet has become the predominant technology in the Local Area Networks (LANs) due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. It has been evolved over the past years from a simple shared medium protocol to a full duplex switched...
Ethernet to the Doorstep of Metropolitan Area Networks
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Chapter 28
Kin Cheong Chu (Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Tsing Yi), Hong Kong)
There are several different ways to connect to the remote controller, each being adapted to specific situations, such as location and availability of communications equipment. Among these methods, Internet is one of the best choices...
Extend the Building Automation System through Internet
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Chapter 29
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Peter Breslin (University of Ulster, Ireland), Kevin McLaughlin (University of Ulster, Ireland), Gary Tracey (University of Ulster, Ireland)
"Access" is defined in Section 2(1)(a) of the Information Technology Act as "gaining entry into, instructing or communicating with the logical, arithmetical, or memory function resources of a computer, computer system or computer...
Hackers, Hacking, and Eavesdropping
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Chapter 30
Wen-Chen Hu (University of North Dakota, USA), Lixin Fu (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA), Hung-Jen Yang (National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan), Sheng-Chien Lee (University of Florida, USA)
It is widely acknowledged that mobile commerce is a field of enormous potential. However, it is also commonly admitted that the development in this field is constrained. There are still considerable barriers waiting to be overcome....
Handheld Computing and Palm OS Programming for Mobile Commerce
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Chapter 31
Udo Averweg (Information Services, eThekwini Municipality & University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), Geoff Erwin (Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa), Don Petkov (Eastern Connecticut State University, USA)
Internet portals may be seen as Web sites which provide the gateway to corporate information from a single point of access. Leveraging knowledge—both internal and external—is the key to using a portal as a centralized database of...
Impact of Portal Technologies on Executive Information Systems
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Chapter 32
Alexandra George (University of London, UK)
‘Intellectual property’ (or ‘IP’) is an umbrella term that is used as shorthand to describe a variety of diverse doctrines that create legally-enforceable monopolies over the use of or access to ideas, information and knowledge. As...
Intellectual Property and the Internet
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Chapter 33
Internet Gambling  (pages 228-234)
Mark Griffiths (Nottingham Trent University, UK), Adrian Parke (Nottingham Trent University, UK)
Technology has always played a role in the development of gambling practices and continues to provide new market opportunities. One of the fastest growing areas is that of Internet gambling (also known as online gambling). Examples...
Internet Gambling
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Chapter 34
Internet Measurements  (pages 235-241)
Artur Ziviani (National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Brazil)
In the mid 90’s, the Internet has started its metamorphosis from a tool restricted to the scientific community into a crucial component of the modern information society. The evolution in the last 15 years from 2,000 to 180,000...
Internet Measurements
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Chapter 35
IP Multicasting  (pages 242-248)
Robert R. Chodorek (The AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)
The origins of IP multicasting go back to 1986. However, multicasting in its current form was introduced only in 1989. During 20 years of IP multicasting, the service has been evolving continuously – new multicast transport protocols...
IP Multicasting
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Chapter 36
Muhammad Sher (Technical University of Berlin, Germany), Fabricio Carvalho de Gouveia (Technical University of Berlin, Germany), Thomas Magedanz (Technical University of Berlin, Germany)
Today the traditional telecommunication technology is declining because of popularity and increasing demand of Voice over IP (VoIP) due to the reason that deployment, maintenance and operation of data networks based on IP...
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for Emerging All-IP Networks
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Chapter 37
The IPv6 Protocol  (pages 257-268)
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece9/9/2008 Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
This article provides a description of the IPv6 protocol. It briefly covers the reasons that make IPv6 a necessary upgrade, describes the most important methods for transitioning networks, applications, and hosts from IPv4 to IPv6...
The IPv6 Protocol
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Chapter 38
Rachel Babiarz (France Telecom R&D Division, France), Jean-Sebastien Bedo (France Telecom R&D Division, France)
Traffic modelling has always been the prior to numerous network engineering tasks like network planning or bandwidth yield management. It is still a huge research domain mainly based on advanced signal processing techniques. It can...
Issues and Applications of Internet Traffic Modelling
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Chapter 39
Tony C. Shan (Bank of America, USA), Winnie W. Hua (CTS Inc., USA)
In the information systems environment, a framework is a well-defined structural and behavioral model in which applications can be organized and developed. A framework may consist of a variety of artifacts to help design, develop and...
Java Web Application Frameworks
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Chapter 40
Gábor Richly (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary), Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary), Ferenc Kovács (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary)
This chapter presents a novel approach to search in shared audio file storages, such as P2P-based systems. The proposed method is based on the recognition of specific patterns in the audio contents in such a way to extend the...
Light-Weight Content-Based Search for File Sharing Systems
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Chapter 41
Malicious Software  (pages 284-290)
Thomas M. Chen (Southern Methodist University, USA), Gregg W. Tally (SPARTA, Inc., USA)
Malicious software (malware) allows an intruder to take over or damage a target host without the owner’s consent and often without his or her knowledge. Over the past thirty years, malware has become a more serious worldwide problem...
Malicious Software
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Chapter 42
Mobility Protocols  (pages 291-298)
Sherali Zeadally (University of the District of Columbia, USA), Farhan Siddiqui (Wayne State University, USA)
In recent years; we have witnessed a tremendous growth of wireless networks as well as the emergence of various kinds of devices (Personal Digital Assistants; handhelds; digital cellular phones) with different capabilities and...
Mobility Protocols
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Chapter 43
Karim El Guemhioui (University of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada)
The information technology (IT) industry has been moving so fast that companies implementing complex distributed software solutions hardly complete a system deployment on a given network middleware before either they are offered a...
Model-Driven Engineering of Distributed Applications
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Chapter 44
Antóniol Nogueira (University of Aveiro/Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal), Paulo Salvador (University of Aveiro/Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal), Rui Valadas (University of Aveiro/Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal), António Pacheco (Instituto Superior Técnico – UTL, Portugal)
This article addresses the use of Markovian models, based on discrete time MMPPs (dMMPPs), for modeling IP traffic. In order to describe the packet arrival process, we will present three traffic models that were designed to capture...
Modeling IP Traffic Behavior through Markovian Models
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Chapter 45
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
The heterogeneous network environment that Internet provides to real time applications as well as the lack of sufficient QoS (Quality of Service) guarantees, many times forces applications to embody adaptation schemes in order to...
Multicast of Multimedia Data
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Chapter 46
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland)
Mobile communications is a continually growing sector in industry and a wide variety of visual services such as video-on-demand have been created which are limited by low-bandwidth network infrastructures. The distinction between...
Multimedia for Mobile Devices
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Chapter 47
Nicola Scalabrino (CREATE-NET and Italian National Research Council (CNR) – IIT, Italy), Daniele Miorandi (CREATE-NET, Italy), Enrico Gregori (Italian National Research Council (CNR) – IIT, Italy), Imrich Chlamtac (CREATE-NET, Italy)
The market for conventional first mile solutions (e.g., cable, fiber etc.) presents indeed high entrance barriers, and it is thus difficult for new operators to make their way into the field. This is due to the extremely high impact...
Multimedia Internet Applications over WiMAX Networks: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges
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Chapter 48
Yezid Donoso (Universidad del Norte, Colombia), Ramón Fabregat (Girona University, Spain)
To support QoS in today’s Internet, several new architecture models have been proposed (Striegel, A., & Manimaran, G. (2002)). Traffic engineering has become a key issue within these new architectures, as supporting QoS requires more...
Network Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithms in Multicast Transmission
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Chapter 49
Hongsik Choi (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), Seung S. Yang (Virginia State University, USA)
Survivability is the ability of the network to withstand faults and attacks including equipment and link failures. The main goal of survivable network is to be able to perform fast recovering at as small cost as possible (i.e., using...
Network Survivability in Optical Networks with IP Prospective
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Chapter 50
Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary), Zoltán Czirkos (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary)
As an example of the application for non-conventional purposes a security system is presented in the article that utilizes just the network for protecting the operating system of the computers. The software maintains a database about...
Network-Based Intrusion Detection
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Chapter 51
K. Daniel Wong (Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia), Ashutosh Dutta (Telcordia Technologies, USA)
The Internet is in some ways like the proverbial massive software project whose requirements keep changing, and which is never completed. When the Internet protocols were first designed, there was no concept of the future requirement...
Network-Layer Mobility Protocols for IPv6-Based Networks
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Chapter 52
Madjid Merabti (Liverpool John Moores University, UK), Paul Fergus (Liverpool John Moores University, UK), Omar Abuelma’atti (Liverpool John Moores University, UK)
The Internet has revolutionised the way we access and disseminate information and changed the way we communicate with each other. More and more homes are Internet-enabled as people from all walks of life embrace this technology...
Networked Appliances and Home Networking: Internetworking the Home
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Chapter 53
Optical Burst Switching  (pages 375-382)
Kyriakos Vlachos (University of Patras, Greece)
Switching in core optical networks is currently being performed using high-speed electronic or all-optical circuit switches. Switching with high-speed electronics requires optical-to-electronic (O/E) conversion of the data stream...
Optical Burst Switching
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Chapter 54
N. S.C. Correia (University of Algarve, Portugal), M. C.R. Medeiros (University of Algarve, Portugal)
The telecommunications world is evolving dramatically toward challenging scenarios where the fast and efficient transportation of information is becoming a key element in today’s society. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)...
Optical Network Survivability
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Chapter 55
Huaqun Guo (Institute for Infocomm Research and National University of Singapore, Singapore), Lek-Heng Ngoh (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Wai-Choong Wong (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
In the age of multimedia and high-speed networks, there are many applications that involve sending information to a selective, usually large, number of clients. Common examples of such applications include audio/video conferencing...
Optimizing Inter-Domain Internet Multicast
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Chapter 56
Sherali Zeadally (University of the District of Columbia, USA), Farhan Siddiqui (Wayne State University, USA)
In mobile computing environments; the goal is to provide continuous connectivity as a mobile host moves from one network to another – often referred to as terminal mobility. All the needed reconnection occurs automatically and...
Performance of Mobility Protocols
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Chapter 57
Shi Zhou (University College London, UK)
This chapter introduces a recently proposed Internet model, namely the positive-feedback preference (PFP) model (Zhou & Mondragón, 2004a). The model is a precise and complete Internet topology generator, which accurately reproduces...
Positive-Feedback Preference Model of the Internet Topology
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Chapter 58
Stefanos Gritzalis (University of the Aegean, Greece), Costas Lambrinoudakis (University of the Aegean, Greece)
Recent years have witnessed a significant evolution in the way information and communication systems are utilized, transforming modern communities into modern information societies. Nowadays, personal data are available or/and can be...
Privacy in the Digital World
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Chapter 59
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
In order for advanced applications in modern computer networks to function satisfactorily, there is often the need for a guaranteed network performance and guaranteed values for several network parameters. When the provisioning and...
Quality of Service and Service Level Agreements
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Chapter 60
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
IP networks are built around the idea of best effort networking, which makes no guarantees regarding the delivery, speed, and accuracy of the transmitted data. While this model is suitable for a large number of applications, and...
Quality of Service Architectures
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Chapter 61
Wayne Goodridge (Barbados Community College, Barbados), Hadrian Peter (University of the West Indies, Barbados), William Robertson (Dalhousie University, Canada)
The pervasive use of the Internet, the world’s most extensive public communication system, for services ranging from academic research and e-mail to electronic commerce, necessitates that a policy should be put in place to ensure...
Quality of Service by Way of Path Selection Policy
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Chapter 62
Winston K.G. Seah (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore), Hwee-Xian Tan (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) form a class of multi-hop wireless networks that can easily be deployed on-the-fly. These are autonomous systems that do not require existing infrastructure; each participating node in the network acts...
Quality of Service in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Chapter 63
Marília Curado (CISUC/DEI, Portugal)
Traditionally, Internet routing is achieved through shortest path protocols that base their decision on the number of hops or administrative metrics. The path computation algorithms belong either to the distance vector or link state...
Quality of Service Routing
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Chapter 64
Charalampos Patrikakis (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece), P. Fafali (NTUA, Greece), Pantelis N. Karamolegkos (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece), Y. Despotopoulos (NTUA, Greece), N. Minogiannis (NTUA, Greece)
During the last decade, multimedia streaming has experienced explosive growth. Adaptive video has become a necessity for meeting stringent QoS requirements in non-guaranteed IP networks. Since the user is the final point in the...
Rate Adaptation Mechanisms for Multimedia Streaming
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Chapter 65
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
Real-time protocols cover specific needs by applications with real-time characteristics. Real-time applications, such as voice over IP (VoIP), videoconferencing applications, video on demand, continuous data applications, and control...
Real-Time Protocols (RTP/RTCP)
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Chapter 66
Shi Zhou (University College London, UK)
This chapter introduces a recently discovered structure of the Internet, namely the rich-club phenomenon (Zhou & Mondragón, 2004a). The significance of this discovery is that an appreciation of the rich-club phenomenon is essential...
Rich-Club Phenomenon of the Internet Topology
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Chapter 67
Rui Prior (Institute of Telecommunications – University of Porto, Portugal), Susana Sargento (Institute of Telecommunications – University of Porto, Portugal)
Having its roots in the military ARPANET, conceived as a data transport network with a focus on resilience, the Internet supports only a best-effort service model, where all packets are treated the same way, therefore providing a...
Scalable Reservation-Based QoS Architecture (SRBQ)
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Chapter 68
David Rincón (Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain), Sebastià Sallent (Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain)
The availability of good stochastic models of network traffic is the key to developing protocols and services. A precise statistical characterization of packet interarrival time, size distribution, and connection arrival rate help...
Scaling Properties of Network Traffic
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Chapter 69
Tonghong Li (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are becoming popular due to the abundance of mobile devices, the speed and the convenience of deployment, and the independence of network infrastructure (Chin, 2002; Royer, 1999). It is desired that...
Seamless Multi-Hop Handover in IPv6-Based Hybrid Wireless Networks
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Chapter 70
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Elaine Smyth (University of Ulster, Ireland)
On the surface, WLANs act the same as their wired counterparts, transporting data between network devices. However, there is one fundamental, and quite significant, difference: WLANs are based upon radio communications technology as...
Security Issues with Wi-Fi Networks
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Chapter 71
The Semantic Web  (pages 505-511)
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Gary Gumbleton (University of Ulster, Ireland)
Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), states that, “The Semantic Web is not a separate Web but an extension of the current one, in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers...
The Semantic Web
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Chapter 72
Livia Predoiu (University of Mannheim, Germany), Anna V. Zhdanova (University of Surrey, UK)
On the current World Wide Web, most of the information is stored syntactically, i.e., only as data. The information that lies within the data can only be understood by humans and not automatically by computer programs. In order to...
Semantic Web Languages and Ontologies
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Chapter 73
Dumitru Roman (DERI Innsbruck, Austria), Ioan Toma (DERI Innsbruck, Austria), Dieter Fensel (DERI Innsbruck, Austria)
Service-oriented computing (SOC) is the new emerging paradigm for distributed computing, especially in the area of e-business and e-work processing, that has evolved from object-oriented and component-based computing to enable the...
Semantic Web Services: A Technology for Service-Oriented Computing
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Chapter 74
Adetola Oredope (University of Essex, UK), Antonio Liotta (University of Essex, UK)
The IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) specifies a service centric framework for converged, all-IP networks. This promises to provide the long awaited environment for deploying technology-neutral services over fixed, wireless, and...
Service Provisioning in the IP Multimedia Subsystem
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Chapter 75
Ilija Basicevic (Faculty of Technology Sciences, Novisad, Serbia), Miroslav Popovic (Faculty of Technology Sciences, Novisad, Serbia)
With the appearance of the Internet as an important communications medium for widespread everyday use, which can be dated to the mid 90s, a need to establish a signalization protocol for multimedia communications was recognized....
Session Initiation Protocol
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Chapter 76
Sylvia Encheva (Stord-Haugesund University College, Norway), Sharil Tumin (University of Bergen, Norway)
Role-based access control (RBAC) is a security mechanism that can lower the cost and complexity of security administration for large networked applications. RBAC simplifies security administration by using roles, hierarchies, and...
Sharing Protected Web Resources
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Chapter 77
Milica Stojmenovic (Carleton University, Canada)
This article studies social networks on the Internet created by popular applications such as e-mails, Web, chat, file sharing via peer-to-peer interaction, and online gaming. The Internet has its roots in military and academia....
Social and P2P Networks on the Internet
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Chapter 78
Chia-Chu Chiang (University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA)
Software maintenance is an inevitable process due to program evolution (Lehman & Belady, 1985). Adaptive maintenance (Schenidewind, 1987) is an activity used to adapt software to new environments or new requirements due to the...
Software Modernization of Legacy Systems for Web Services Interoperability
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Chapter 79
The Speech-Enabled Web  (pages 558-567)
L. E. Moser (University of California, Santa Barbara, USA), P. M. Melliar-Smith (University of California, Santa Barbara, USA)
Speech recognition and synthesis technology has advanced to the point where the use of voice input and output is now feasible for Web-based applications over the Internet. This article describes applications, standards, and...
The Speech-Enabled Web
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Chapter 80
Sergio Gutiérrez (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain), Abelardo Pardo (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain), Carlos Delgado Kloos (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)
E-learning has evolved very rapidly in recent years, from a first stage in which a set of documents were simply made available to the students in an electronic platform, to current tools that integrate not only academic but also...
Standards in Asynchronous E-Learning Systems
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Chapter 81
Farhan Siddiqui (Wayne State University, USA), Sherali Zeadally (University of the District of Columbia, USA)
The proliferation of wired and wireless technologies has given rise to the possibility of multi-access options for mobile, multi-homed hosts. Enabling multi-access techniques improves fault tolerance by adding redundancy to network...
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
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Chapter 82
Jairo A. Gutiérrez (University of Auckland, New Zealand)
One of the keys for the success of ubiquitous network services is the issue of assigning prices to those services. Furthermore, ubiquitous services based on a network of complementary technologies, both fixed and wireless, have...
Survey: Pricing Ubiquitous Network Services
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Chapter 83
M. C.R. Medeiros (University of Algarve, Portugal), N. S.C. Correia (University of Algarve, Portugal)
Internet protocol (IP) over optical (IP-over-optical) networks is the widely accepted solution to meet the ever increasing demands of IP traffic. In an IP-over-optical network, the IP routers are attached to an optical core network...
Survivability Mechanisms of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
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Chapter 84
Sergio Gutiérrez (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain), Abelardo Pardo (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain), Carlos Delgado Kloos (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)
A swarm may be defined as a population of interacting elements that is able to optimize some global objective through collaborative search of a space (Kennedy, 2001). The elements may be very simple machines or very complex living...
Swarm Intelligence Applications for the Internet
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Chapter 85
Kuen Park (Korea University, South Korea), Heejo Lee (Korea University, South Korea)
People enjoy playing games for simple pleasure. Recently, since the emergence and advance of the computer technologies, especially in terms of graphic and networking, which enables people to experience virtual world with a computer...
A Taxonomy of Online Game Security
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Chapter 86
Agnieszka Chodorek (Kielce University of Technology, Poland)
One of the most popular transport protocols—Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)—has a long history. The first document describing TCP protocol in early stages was published in 1974. Since then, TCP specification was changed several...
TCP and TCP-Friendly Protocols
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Chapter 87
Bhaskar Sardar (Jadavpur University, India), Debashis Saha (Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Calcutta, India)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the most popular transport layer communication protocol for the Internet, was originally designed for wired networks, where bit error rate (BER) is low and congestion is the primary cause of...
TCP Enhancements for Mobile Internet
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Chapter 88
Nelson Luís Saldanha da Fonseca (State University of Campinas, Brazil), Neila Fernanda Michel (State University of Campinas, Brazil)
In response to a series of collapses due to congestion on the Internet in the mid-’80s, congestion control was added to the transmission control protocol (TCP) (Jacobson, 1988), thus allowing individual connections to control the...
TCP for High-Speed Networks
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Chapter 89
Stamatis Karnouskos (SAP Research, Germany)
As we move towards service-oriented complex infrastructures, what is needed, security, robustness, and intelligence distributed within the network. Modern systems are too complicated to be centrally administered; therefore, the need...
Towards Autonomic Infrastructures via Mobile Agents and Active Networks
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Chapter 90
Pankaj Kamthan (Concordia University, Canada)
The last decade has seen remarkable changes in the way Web applications are developed and the services that are expected from them. The desire to control and manage the size and complexity of Web applications has led to a systematic...
Towards Formulation of Principles for Engineering Web Applications
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Chapter 91
Traffic Control  (pages 647-652)
Thomas M. Chen (Southern Methodist University, USA)
Networks are designed to handle a certain amount of traffic with an acceptable level of network performance. Network performance will deteriorate if the offered traffic exceeds the given network capacity. Packets will suffer long...
Traffic Control
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Chapter 92
Viet Hung Nguyen (Institut National des Télécommunications, France), Tülin Atmaca (Institut National des Télécommunications, France)
Today’s telecommunication world is seeing dramatic changes in network infrastructures and services. These changes are mainly driven by the ever-growing rate of network traffic. Global Internet traffic is doubling each year due to...
Transporting TDM Service on Metropolitan Bus-Based Optical Packet Switching Networks
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Chapter 93
Indranil Bose (The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong), Fong Man Chun (The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)
One of the hottest technologies these days is voice communication over packet-switched data networks. This is known as voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). Hardy (2003) defines VoIP as “the interactive voice exchange capability...
Voice Over Internet Protocol: A New Paradigm in Voice Communication
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Chapter 94
Waking Up Sensor Networks  (pages 670-677)
Yew-Fai Wong (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Trina Kok (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Lek-Heng Ngoh (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Wai-Choong Wong (National University of Singapore, Singapore), Winston K.G. Seah (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore)
Our natural world is an environment that is highly changes may impact lives on a large scale, such as those caused by a Tsunami, global warming, or global dimming phenomena. Monitoring technologies have improved tremendously over the...
Waking Up Sensor Networks
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Chapter 95
Web Accessibility  (pages 678-683)
Gregory R. Gay (University of Toronto, Canada), Paola Salomoni (University of Bologna, Italy), Silvia Mirri (University of Bologna, Italy)
Technologies have been developed to make personal computers accessible to people with disabilities, important for promoting inclusion in everyday life, education, and work. In the 90s, the spread of Internet applications, and...
Web Accessibility
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Chapter 96
Henrik Hanke (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany), Alf Neumann (University of Cologne, Germany)
The scale and scope of information on the Internet has been extended enormously over the past decade. The growth of more and more intelligent Web-based services and applications has resulted in an enormous growth of potentially...
Web Mining: A Conceptual Overview on Intelligent Information Retrieval Systems
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Chapter 97
Web Services  (pages 690-695)
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Padraig O’Kane (University of Ulster, Ireland)
The term “Web services” was initially employed by Bill Gates, chairman of Microsoft, at the Microsoft Professional Developers Conference in Orlando, Florida on July 12, 2000. Fundamentally, the term refers to automated resources...
Web Services
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Chapter 98
Chad Lin (Curtin University of Technology, Australia), Helen Cripps (Edith Cowan University, Australia), Yu-An Huang (National Chi Nan University, Taiwan)
The transaction of business via the Web is becoming an imperative for organizations aiming at improving their competitiveness. The Web-based commerce applications allow organizations to access potential customers and suppliers via...
Web-Based Commerce Applications: Adoption and Evaluation
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Chapter 99
Alaa Abdou (United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE), John Lewis (University of Liverpool, UK), Moh’d A. Radaideh (HR General Directorate, UAE), Sameera Al Zarooni (United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE)
This paper describes the development and construction of a Web-based system for the appraisal stage of public healthcare construction projects in the United Arab Emirates. The system is implemented on the World Wide Web. PHP and...
Web-Based Information Systems in Construction Industry: A Case Study for Healthcare Projects
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Chapter 100
Wi-Fi Technology  (pages 711-716)
Antonios Alexiou (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitrios Antonellis (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
Wi-Fi, short for “wireless fidelity,” is a term for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that use specifications in the 802.11 family. In general, the wireless technologies are used for the replacement or the expansion...
Wi-Fi Technology
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About the Editors
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