Reference Hub4
Indices1
Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition

Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition

Margherita Pagani (Bocconi University, Italy)
Copyright: © 2009 |Pages: 1756
ISBN13: 9781605660141|ISBN10: 1605660140|EISBN13: 9781605660158
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1
Cite Book Cite Book

MLA

Pagani, Margherita. "Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition." IGI Global, 2009. 1-1756. Web. 27 Mar. 2020. doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1

APA

Pagani, M. (2009). Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition (pp. 1-1756). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1

Chicago

Pagani, Margherita. "Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition." 1-1756 (2009), accessed March 27, 2020. doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1

Export Reference

Mendeley
Favorite

Advances in hardware, software, and audiovisual rendering technologies of recent years have unleashed a wealth of new capabilities and possibilities for multimedia applications, creating a need for a comprehensive, up-to-date reference.

The Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking provides hundreds of contributions from over 200 distinguished international experts, covering the most important issues, concepts, trends, and technologies in multimedia technology. This must-have reference contains over 1,300 terms, definitions, and concepts, providing the deepest level of understanding of the field of multimedia technology and networking for academicians, researchers, and professionals worldwide.

Table of Contents

Reset
Front Materials
PDFHTML
Title Page
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Copyright Page
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Editorial Advisory Board
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Foreword
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Preface
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Acknowledgment
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
Chapters
PDFHTML
Chapter 1
Margherita Pagani (Bocconi University, Italy)
The transition process from analog to digital system, above all in the broadcasting field, and the development of Third Generation standards in mobile communications offer an increasing number of value-added services: the incumbent...
Accessibility, Usability, and Functionality in T-Government Services
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 2
Ju Wang (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), Jonathan C.L. Liu (University of Florida, USA)
Recent years have witnessed the rapid progress in handheld devices. This has resulted in a growing number of mobile phones or PDAs that have a built-in camera to record still pictures or live videos. Encouraged by the success of...
Advances of Radio Interface in WCDMA Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 3
Affective Computing  (pages 15-21)
Maja Pantic (Imperial College London, UK and University of Twente, The Netherlands)
We seem to be entering an era of enhanced digital connectivity. Computers and Internet have become so embedded in the daily fabric of people’s lives that people simply cannot live without them (Hoffman, Novak, & Venkatesh, 2004). We...
Affective Computing
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 4
Maribel-Isabel Sánchez-Segura (Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain)
Although they are non-educational institutions, financial institutions have specific training needs. The greatest priority in employee training arises when the bank launches a new financial product or service. The difficulty, in such...
Analysis of Platforms for E-Learning
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 5
Lori N.K. Leonard (The University of Tulsa, USA), Kiku Jones (The University of Tulsa, USA)
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) electronic commerce (ecommerce) is increasing as a means for individuals to buy and sell products (eMarketer, 2007). The majority of research surrounding C2C e-commerce deals with online auctions (Lin, Li...
Anthropologic Concepts in C2C in Virtual Communities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 6
Mark van ‘t Hooft (Kent State University, USA), Graham Brown-Martin (Handheld Learning Ltd, UK)
We are increasingly mobile and connected. It is easier now than ever to access people or content using one of the many available wireless mobile devices. For example, global smartphone sales topped $69 million in 2006, with projected...
Anywhere Anytime Learning with Wireless Mobile Devices
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 7
Terry T. Kidd (University of Texas School of Public Health, USA)
Prior to computer technology, several studies have concluded that multiple senses engage the learner to the extent that a person remembers 20% of what they see, 40% of that they see and hear, and 70% of what they see, hear and do. In...
The Application of Sound and Auditory Responses in E-Learning
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 8
Zoltán Czirkos (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary)
The importance of the network security problems comes into prominence by the growth of the Internet. This article introduces the basics of the host security problem, reviews the most important intrusion detection methods, and finally...
Application of the P2P Model for Adaptive Host Protection
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 9
Lalita Rajasingham (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand)
The term HyperReality (HR) was coined by Nobuyoshi Terashima to refer to “the technological capability to intermix virtual reality (VR) with physical reality (PR) and artificial intelligence (AI) with human intelligence (HI)”...
The Application of Virtual Reality and HyperReality Technologies to Universities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 10
Maode Ma (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)
Recent development on the wireless networks has indicated that IEEE 802.11.x standards based wireless LAN and third-generation cellular wireless networks such as CDMA2000 or UMTS (i.e., WCDMA) could be integrated together to offer...
Architectures of the Interworking of 3G Cellular Networks and Wireless LANs
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 11
Ephraim Nissan (Goldsmith’s College of the University of London, UK)
In order to visualize argumentation, there exist tools from multimedia. The most advanced sides of computational modeling of arguments belong in models and tools upstream of visualization tools: the latter are an interface. Computer...
Argument Structure Models and Visualization
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 12
Waleed E. Farag (Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA)
Multimedia applications are rapidly spread at an everincreasing rate, introducing a number of challenging problems at the hands of the research community. The most significant and influential problem among them is the effective...
Assessing Digital Video Data Similarity
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 13
Sherali Zeadally (University of the District of Columbia, USA)
Over the last few years, we have witnessed the emergence of many wireless systems and devices such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants, pagers, and other portable devices. However, they are often used separately, and...
Audio Streaming to IP-Enabled Bluetooth Devices
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 14
Wolfgang Hürst (Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany)
Today, classroom lectures are often based on electronic materials, such as slides that have been produced with presentation software tools and complemented with digital images, video clips, and so forth. These slides are used in the...
Automatic Lecture Recording for Lightweight Content Production
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 15
Junaid Ahsenali Chaudhry (Ajou University, South Korea)
The networking technologies are moving very fast in pursuit of optimum performance, which has triggered the importance of non-conventional computing methods. In the modern world of pervasive business systems, time is money. The more...
Automatic Self Healing Using Immune Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 16
Christian Kaspar (Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany), Florian Resatsch (University of Arts Berlin, Germany), Svenja Hagenhoff (Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany)
Mobile radio technologies have seen a rapid growth in recent years. Sales numbers and market penetration of mobile handsets have reached new heights worldwide. With almost two billion GSM users in June 2006, and 74.7 million users of...
Basic Concepts of Mobile Radio Technologies
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 17
Biometrics  (pages 121-127)
Richa Singh (West Virginia University, USA), Mayank Vatsa (West Virginia University, USA), Phalguni Gupta (Indian Institute of Technology, India)
The modern information age gives rise to various challenges, such as organization of society and its security. In the context of organization of society, security has become an important challenge. Because of the increased importance...
Biometrics
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 18
Blogs as Corporate Tools  (pages 128-133)
Michela Cortini (University of Bari, Italy)
According to The Weblog Handbook (Blood, 2003), Weblogs, or blogs as they are usually called, are online and interactive diaries, very similar to both link lists and online magazines. Up to now, the psychosocial literature on new...
Blogs as Corporate Tools
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 19
Blogs in Education  (pages 134-139)
Shuyan Wang (The University of Southern Mississippi, USA)
Blogs have been sprouting like mushrooms after rain in the past few years because of their effectiveness in keeping contact with friends, family, and anybody else who shares interests. Blogs have been used in every field in present...
Blogs in Education
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 20
Joe Tekli (University of Bourgogne, France)
W3C’s XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language) has recently gained unparalleled importance as a fundamental standard for efficient data management and exchange. The use of XML covers data representation and storage, database information...
Breakthroughs and Limitations of XML Grammar Similarity
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 21
George Heliotis (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece)
We are currently witnessing an unprecedented growth in bandwidth demand, mainly driven by the development of advanced broadband multimedia applications, including video-on-demand (VoD), interactive highdefinition digital television...
Broadband Fiber Optical Access
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 22
Mariana Hentea (Excelsior College, USA)
In recent years, home networking has undergone significant changes due to the proliferation of technologies that support converging consumer electronics, mobile, and computer networks. An increased number of networked appliances may...
Broadband Solutions for Residential Customers
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 23
Saravanan Nathan Lurudusamy (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia)
Broadband is a term that describes the Internet as a function of high-speed data connections and large bandwidth. The Federation Communication Commission (FCC) defines broadband service as data transmission speeds exceeding 200...
Broadband Solutions for the Last Mile to Malaysian Residential Customers
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 24
Shafiz Affendi Mohd Yusof (Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia)
The explosive growth of the Internet has enabled virtual communities to engage in social activities such as meeting people, developing friendships and relationships, sharing experiences, telling personal stories, or just listening to...
Building Social Relationships in a Virtual Community of Gamers
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 25
N. Raghavendra Rao (SSN School of Management & Computer Applications, India)
The existing ways of doing business are constantly changing. This is due to rapid changes in global economy. The opportunities in the present global markets have to be exploited at a rapid pace. The large centralized organizations...
Business Decisions through Mobile Computing
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 26
Alexandru Tugui (Al I. Cuza University, Romania)
The evolution of the human society over the last 50,000 years has been greatly influenced by technology. The last 200 years have brought about technological achievements at a breathtaking speed. For about six decades, we have been...
Calm Technologies as the Future Goal of Information Technologies
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 27
Maria Belesioti (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece)
OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; General...
Cell Broadcast as an Option for Emergency Warning Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 28
Calin Gurau (GSCM – Montpellier Business School, France)
Advergames can be defined as online games that incorporate marketing content. Initially, many companies have placed their brands or logos in the virtual environment of computer games launched by specialised gaming firms. However...
Characteristics, Limitations, and Potential of Advergames
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 29
Thomas M. Chen (Southern Methodist University, USA)
The founding of the Bell Telephone System, the public switched telephone network (PSTN), has evolved into a highly successful global telecommunications system. It is designed specifically for voice communications, and provides a high...
From Circuit Switched to IP-Based Networks
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 30
Slava Kalyuga (The University of New South Wales, Australia)
In order to design effective and efficient multimedia applications, major characteristics of human cognition and its processing limitations should be taken into account. A general cognitive system that underlies human performance and...
Cognitive Issues in Tailoring Multimedia Learning Technology to the Human Mind
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 31
Community of Production  (pages 224-229)
Francesco Amoretti (Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy)
There is no universal agreement regarding the meaning of the term “social software.” Clay Shirky, in his classic speech “A Group is its Own Worst Enemy,” defined social software as “software that supports group interaction” (Shirky...
Community of Production
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 32
Brian Whitworth (Massey University, New Zealand), Hokyoung Ryu (Massey University, New Zealand)
Over 30 years ago, TV shows from The Jetsons to Star Trek suggested that by the millennium’s end computers would read, talk, recognize, walk, converse, think, and maybe even feel. People do these things easily, so how hard could it...
A Comparison of Human and Computer Information Processing
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 33
Jonathan K. Lee (Suffolk University, USA)
The growth in multimedia technology has revolutionized the way people interact with computer systems. From personal software to business systems and pedagogic applications, multimedia technology is opening up new pathways to increase...
Conceptual, Methodological, and Ethical Challenges of Internet-Based Data Collection
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 34
Madlen Boslau (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany)
The term RFID refers to radio frequency identification and describes transponders or tags that are attached to animate or inanimate objects and are automatically read by a network infrastructure or networked reading devices. Current...
Consumer Attitudes toward RFID Usage
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 35
Jerald Hughes (University of Texas Pan-American, USA), Karl Reiner Lang (Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA)
In 1999, exchanges of digital media objects, especially files of music, came to constitute a significant portion of Internet traffic, thanks to a new set of technologies known as peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing systems. The networks...
Content Sharing Systems for Digital Media
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 36
Chia-Hung Wei (University of Warwick, UK)
In the past decade, there has been rapid growth in the use of digital media, such as images, video, and audio. As the use of digital media increases, retrieval and management techniques become more important in order to facilitate...
Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 37
Larbi Esmahi (Athabasca University, Canada), Elarbi Badidi (United Arab Emirates University, UAE)
The advancement in distributed and intelligent computing has facilitated the use of software agents for implementing e-services; most electronic market places offer their customers virtual agents that can do their bidding (i.e....
Contract Negotiation in E-Marketplaces
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 38
Klaus D. Hackbarth (University of Cantabria, Spain), Laura Rodríguez de Lope (University of Cantabria, Spain), Gabriele Kulenkampff (WIK-Consult, Germany)
The European Regulatory Framework requires National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) to conduct market analysis for a predefined set of markets that used to be subject to ex ante regulation (due to Significant Market Power (SMP) of the...
Cost Models for Bitstream Access Service
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 39
In-Sook Jung (Kyungwon University, Korea)
Since the inception of digital terrestrial TV (DTT) in the United Kingdom on September 23, 1998, many countries have developed keen interests in this changing landscape of digital television. Soon after, the U.S. also started DTT on...
Critical Issues and Implications of Digital TV Transition
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 40
Neil C. Rowe (U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA)
Content repurposing is the reorganizing of data for presentation on different display hardware (Singh, 2004). It has been particularly important recently with the growth of handheld devices such as “personal digital assistants”...
Critical Issues in Content Repurposing for Small Devices
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 41
Cross-Channel Cooperation  (pages 299-304)
Tobias Kollmann (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
The rapid growth of Internet technologies induced a structural change in both social and economic spheres. Digital channels have become an integral part of daily life, and their influence on the transfer of information has become...
Cross-Channel Cooperation
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 42
H. Gunes Kayacik (Dalhousie University, Canada)
Along with its numerous benefits, the Internet also created numerous ways to compromise the security and stability of the systems connected to it. In 1995, 171 vulnerabilities were reported to CERT/CC © while in 2003, there were...
Current Challenges in Intrusion Detection Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 43
Mahesh S. Raisinghani (TWU School of Management, USA)
People have become accustomed to changes in their environment with every new generation of technology. It is through the shift in technology that people are seeing the world through new views and paradigms. We see these paradigm...
Current Impact and Future Trends of Mobile Devices and Mobile Applications
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 44
Ralf Wagner (University of Kassel, Germany)
The majority of multimedia applications rely on hypermedia technologies, such as HTML, XML, or PHP (cf. Lang, 2005, for a review on design issues of hypermedia systems). These technologies enable the presentation of any content such...
Customizing Multimedia with Multi-Trees
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 45
Ioannis Chochliouros (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece), George K. Lalopoulos (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece), Stergios P. Chochliouros (Independent Consultant, Greece)
The world economy is currently moving in transition from the industrial age to a new set of rules, that of the so-called “Information Society,” which is rapidly taking shape in different multiple aspects of the everyday life. In...
Dark Optical Fiber Models for Broadband Networked Cities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 46
Joanna Lumsden (National Research Council of Canada IIT e-Business, Canada)
Mobile technology has been one of the major growth areas in computing over recent years (Urbaczewski, Valacich, & Jessup, 2003). Mobile devices are becoming increasingly diverse and are continuing to shrink in size and weight....
Design and Evaluation for the Future of m-Interaction
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 47
Ioannis Chochliouros (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece), Stergios P. Chochliouros (Independent Consultant, Greece)
Over the past decades, the expansion of the converged Web-based facilities/infrastructures, together with new business perspectives, have created new needs for all (potential) categories of end-users. Although various effects were...
Developing Content Delivery Networks
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 48
Stefano Tardini (University of Lugano, Switzerland)
The notion of community is pivotal in the sociological tradition. According to Nisbet (1966), “the most fundamental and far-reaching of sociology’s unit ideas is community” (p. 47). Yet, it is not easy to define what a community is....
Development of IT and Virtual Communities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 49
Xin Luo (University of New Mexico, USA), Merrill Warkentin (Mississippi State University, USA)
The continuous evolution of information security threats, coupled with increasing sophistication of malicious codes and the greater flexibility in working practices demanded by organizations and individual users, have imposed further...
Developments and Defenses of Malicious Code
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 50
Digital Filters  (pages 364-372)
Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek (Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, INAOE, Mexico)
A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with changes of one or more independent variables, and each can be any physical value, such as time, distance, position, temperature, or pressure (Elali, 2003; Smith, 2002)....
Digital Filters
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 51
Samira Dias dos Reis (Bocconi University, Italy)
As new technologies continue to emerge, firms in diverse industries increasingly must respond. Future economic rents and competitive advantage rests on the organizational ability to assimilate new technologies in the right manner....
Digital Television and Breakthrough Innovation
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 52
Zbigniew Hulicki (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)
Digital TV-based communication systems provide costeffective solutions and, in many cases, offer capabilities that are difficult to obtain by other technologies (Elbert, 1997). Hence, many books and papers on digital television (TV)...
Digital TV as a Tool to Create Multimedia Services Delivery Platform
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 53
Ioannis Chochliouros (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece), Stergios P. Chochliouros (Independent Consultant, Greece)
Achieving widespread access by all European citizens to new services and advanced applications of the information society is one of the crucial goals of the European Union’s (EU) strategic framework for the future. Towards realizing...
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Evolution
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 54
Kuanchin Chen (Western Michigan University, USA)
Sharing, disseminating, and presenting data in digital format is not just a fad, but it is becoming part of our life. Without careful planning, digitized resources could easily be misused, especially those that are shared across the...
Digital Watermarking and Steganography
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 55
Distance Education  (pages 410-416)
Carol Wright (The Pennsylvania State University, USA)
The term distance education is used to describe educational initiatives designed to compensate for and diminish distance in geography or distance in time. The introduction of technology to distance education has fundamentally changed...
Distance Education
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 56
Raymond Chiong (Swinburne University of Technology, Malaysia)
The rapid growth of information technology has opened up the possibilities of corporate learning and a completely new dimension to the progress in education and training. Educational and training programs that were once delivered...
Distance Learning Concepts and Technologies
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 57
Mi-kyung Kim (Chungwoon University, South Korea)
Since the late 1990s in Korea, there have been many users of mobile devices, and we have extended leisure time. The terrestrial broadcasting market is very competitive because a lot of media has emerged dividing the market....
DMB Market and Audience Attitude
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 58
Juha Kettunen (Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland)
The management of creative knowledge work presents great challenges in higher education, where individuals and information systems play a significant role in attaining the strategic objectives of a higher education institution (HEI)....
Dynamic Information Systems in Higher Education
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 59
Michael O’Dea (York St. John University, UK)
Educational technology standards, or learning technology standards, as they are also known, have become an increasingly important area of multimedia technology and e-learning over the past decade. These standards have been developed...
Educational Technology Standards in Focus
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 60
Éliane M.F. Moreau (Université du Québec à Trois Rivières, Canada)
Online learning, or e-learning, can be an interesting way of encouraging employees to collaborate in performing their work (Fichter, 2002). For example, it can help employees to learn quickly and efficiently, without the...
Efficiency and Performance of Work Teams in Collaborative Online Learning
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 61
Ioannis Chochliouros (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece), Tilemachos D. Doukoglou (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece), Stergios P. Chochliouros (Independent Consultant, Greece)
In the context of the present work, we discuss several fundamental issues originating from the work already performed in the scope of the Discovery Space (DSpace) Research Project, founded by the European eTEN Work Program. The...
E-Learning Applications through Space Observations
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 62
Tiong T. Goh (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand), Kinshuk (Athabasca University, Canada), Kinshuk (Athabasca University, Canada)
Content adaptation is defined as the process of selection, generation, or modification of content which include text, images, audio, video, navigation, interaction, any object within a Web page, and associate service agreement...
E-Learning Systems Content Adaptation Frameworks and Techniques
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 63
Valerie Nesset (McGill University, Canada)
In today’s modern world, elementary school students (aged 5 to 12 years) use computers for a wide variety of tasks. These include communication (e-mail, instant messaging, and chatrooms), entertainment (games, video, music, etc.)...
Elementary School Students, Information Retrieval, and the Web
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 64
Sumeet Gupta (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
Virtual communities (VCs) are places on the Web where people can find and then electronically ‘talk’ to others with similar interests. VCs primarily act as coffee shops, where people come and meet each other rather than focusing on...
Enhancing E-Commerce through Sticky Virtual Communities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 65
Mário M. Freire (University of Beira Interior, Portugal), Paulo P. Monteiro (Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal), Henrique J.A. da Silva (Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal), José Ruela (Universidade do Porto, Portugal)
Recently, Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) have received a great amount of interest as a promising cost-effective solution for next-generation high-speed access networks. This is confirmed by the formation of several fora...
Ethernet Passive Optical Networks
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 66
Koong Lin (Tainan National University of the Arts, Taiwan), Chad Lin (Curtin University of Technology, Australia), Chyi-Lin Shen (Hua Yuan Management Services Co. Ltd., Taiwan)
The popularity of interactive digital television (IDTV) has been increasing rapidly over the last few years and is likely to be the growth star of the future. According to Forrester Research, more than 10% of Europeans are now using...
Evaluation of Interactive Digital TV Commerce Using the AHP Approach
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 67
Antti Ainamo (University of Turku (UTU), Finland)
Traditionally, design for industry transformed consumers’ and other product users’ everyday lives in one of two ways: “technology-push” or “market-pull”. In technology-push, producers took a given technology or a well-specified...
Evolution not Revolution in Next-Generation Wireless Telephony
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 68
Ioannis Chochliouros (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece), Stergios P. Chochliouros (Independent Consultant, Greece), Elpida Chochliourou (General Prefectorial Hospital “G. Gennimatas”, Greece)
A variety of digital technologies can be used for effective implementation of access networks in fast growing (global) markets. The relative challenge becomes of greater importance, due to the extended penetration and the wider...
Evolution of DSL Technologies Over Copper Cabling
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 69
Shuping Chen (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China)
As the basic 3G choice in China, TD-SCDMA has been widely accepted and adopted. The performance of China Communication Standard Association (CCSA) N-frequency TD-SCDMA DCH (Dedicated Channel) -based services has been well testified...
Evolution of TD-SCDMA Networks
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 70
Shakil Akhtar (Clayton State University, USA)
The fourth and fifth generation wireless mobile systems, commonly known as 4G and 5G, are expected to provide global roaming across different types of wireless and mobile networks, for instance, from satellite to mobile networks and...
Evolution of Technologies, Standards, and Deployment of 2G-5G Networks
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 71
Louis K. Falk (University of Texas at Brownsville, USA), Hy Sockel (DIKW Management Group, USA), Kuanchin Chen (Western Michigan University, USA)
Strictly speaking, the term Usability has evolved from ease of use to also include design and presentation aspects. A large amount of research has been conducted using this wider definition. These studies include everything from...
An Examination of Website Usability
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 72
Sue E. Kase (The Pennsylvania State University, USA)
In 1995, based on an earlier survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (USBLS), Boehm predicted that the number of end-users performing programminglike tasks would reach 55 million by 2005 (Boehm, Clark, Horowitz, Madachy, Selby...
Experience Factors and Tool Use in End-User Web Development
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 73
Neil C. Rowe (U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA)
Captions are text that describes some other information; they are especially useful for describing nontext media objects (images, audio, video, and software). Captions are valuable metadata for managing multimedia, since they help...
Exploiting Captions for Multimedia Data Mining
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 74
Leo Tan Wee Hin (Singapore National Academy of Science, Singapore), R. Subramaniam (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)
Since the inception of the plain old telephone system (POTS) in the 1880s, it has formed the backbone of the communications world. Reliant on twisted pairs of copper wires bundled together for its operation, there has not really been...
Extracting More Bandwidth Out of Twisted Pairs of Copper Wires
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 75
Face for Interface  (pages 560-567)
Maja Pantic (Imperial College London, UK)
The human face is involved in an impressive variety of different activities. It houses the majority of our sensory apparatus: eyes, ears, mouth, and nose, allowing the bearer to see, hear, taste, and smell. Apart from these...
Face for Interface
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 76
Harith Indraratne (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary), Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary)
Current-day network applications require much more secure data storages than anticipated before. With millions of anonymous users using same networking applications, security of data behind the applications have become a major...
Fine-Grained Data Access for Networking Applications
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 77
Mihály Orosz (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary)
The IP-multicast transmission is the IP level answer for the growing one-to-many content spreading needs in multimedia applications (Hosszú, 2005). Nevertheless the address allocation and service discovery is a problematic field of...
Global Address Allocation for Wide Area IP-Multicasting
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 78
Going Virtual  (pages 581-586)
Evangelia Baralou (ALBA Graduate Business School, Greece), Jill Shepherd (Simon Fraser University at Harbour Centre, Canada)
Virtuality is a socially constructed reality mediated by electronic media (Morse, 1998). Virtuality has overcome the stage of being considered a “false” reality, and is now being recognized as a process of becoming through...
Going Virtual
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 79
Noureddine Kettaf (Haute Alsace University, France), Hafid Abouaissa (Haute Alsace University, France), Thang VuDuong (France Telecom R&D, France)
This article describes how resources are managed in MANETs (mobile ad hoc networks) so that quality of service (QoS) can be achieved to enable service differentiation. The article introduces in detail a QoS routing protocol called...
Guaranteeing Quality of Service in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 80
Athanassios C. Iossifides (Operation & Maintenance Department, Greece), Spiros Louvros (Technological Educational Institution of Mesologi, Greece)
Mobile broadband communications systems have already become a fact during the last few years. The evolution of 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) towards HSDPA/HSUPA systems have already posed a forceful solution...
High Speed Packet Access Broadband Mobile Communications
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 81
Nicolas Jullien (LUSSI TELECOM Bretagne-M@rsouin, France)
Whatever its name, Free/Libre or Open Source Software (FLOSS), diffusion represents one of the main evolutions of the Information Technology (IT) industry in recent years. Operating System Linux, or Web server Apache (more than 60%...
A Historical Analysis of the Emergence of Free Cooperative Software Production
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 82
Lawrence Harold Hardy (Denver Public Schools, USA)
The computer has influenced the very fabric of modern society. As a stand-alone machine, it has proven itself a practical and highly efficient tool for education, commerce, science, and medicine. When attached to a network—the...
A History of Computer Networking Technology
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 83
Kellie A. Shumack (Mississippi State University, USA)
Online learning promises much for the present and the future of education because it bridges the gap of distance and time (Valentine, 2002). Students have doors opened wide because of online courses, and in many ways, these...
Honest Communication in Online Learning
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 84
Philip Kortum (Rice University, Texas, USA)
Human factors assessment is a set of methods that are employed in order to determine if a product, service, or system meets the needs of the end users. These needs are measured along the dimensions of effectiveness (can the user...
Human Factors Assessment of Multimedia Products and Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 85
HyperReality  (pages 631-640)
Nobuyoshi Terashima (Waseda University, Japan)
On the Internet, a cyberspace is created where people communicate together, usually by using textual messages. Therefore, they cannot see each other in cyberspace. Whenever they communicate, it is desirable for them to see each other...
HyperReality
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 86
Hypervideo  (pages 641-647)
Kai Richter (Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany)
Hypervideo is the adaptation of the hypertext metaphor to video. By annotating and referencing video objects, diverse media, and pieces of information the video stream can be unlocked to the global web of knowledge. Hypervideo...
Hypervideo
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 87
Paul Cleary (Northeastern University, USA)
The rapid pace of international growth in Internet use is putting enormous pressure on nations to acquire Internet technology in order to compete in the global economy. In the USA, even as Internet access is being disseminated widely...
The Impact of Broadband on Education in the USA
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 88
Indranil Bose (The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)
Today, Internet technologies have pervaded every corner of our society. More and more people are benefiting from the Internet in one way or the other. One of the current Internet technologies that may benefit us greatly is voice over...
Implementation of Quality of Service in VoIP
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 89
Marlyn Kemper Littman (Nova Southeastern University, USA)
Unprecedented demand for ultrafast and dependable access to computing Grids contributes to the accelerating use of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology as a Lambda-Grid enabler. In the Lambda-Grid space, the DWDM...
Implementing DWDM Lambda-Grids
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 90
Thomas M. Chen (Southern Methodist University, USA)
It is easy to find news reports of incidents where an organization’s security has been compromised. For example, a laptop was lost or stolen, or a private server was accessed. These incidents are noteworthy because confidential data...
Information Security and Risk Management
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 91
Mariana Hentea (Excelsior College, USA)
Information assurance is a continuous crisis in the digital world. The attackers are winning and efforts to create and maintain a secure environment are proving not very effective. Information assurance is challenged by the...
Information Security Management
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 92
Carrison K.S. Tong (Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong), Eric T.T. Wong (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong)
Like other information systems in banking and commercial companies, information security is also an important issue in the health care industry. It is a common problem to have security incidences in an information system. Such...
Information Security Management in Picture Archiving and Communication Systems for the Healthcare Industry
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 93
Sumeet Gupta (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
While Internet has opened a whole new world of opportunity for interaction and business by removing many trade barriers, it has also opened up new possibilities and means of criminal acts altogether unheard of in the off-line world....
Information Security Threats to Network Based Information Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 94
Juha Kettunen (Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland)
Enterprises are facing challenges in protecting their intellectual property (IP) due to the rapid technological changes, shortened lifecycles, and the intangibility of products. The IP protection granted by the national intellectual...
Intellectual Property Protection in Software Enterprises
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 95
Sheng-Uei Guan (Brunel University, UK)
A good business to consumer environment can be developed through the creation of intelligent software agents (Guan, Zhi, & Maung, 2004; Soltysiak & Crabtree, 1998) to fulfill the needs of consumers patronizing online e-commerce...
Intelligent Personalization Agent for Product Brokering
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 96
Kirk St. Amant (East Carolina University, USA)
Communication technologies are continually changing ideas of the “office.” One of the most interesting of these developments is the virtual office—a setting where individuals in different places use online media to collaborate on...
Interacting Effectively in International Virtual Offices
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 97
Kamel Karoui (University of Manouba, Tunisia)
With the interconnection of computers in networks, particularly through the Internet, it becomes possible to connect applications on distant computers. An application works perfectly whether it isdistant or local. Moreover, a distant...
Interaction between Mobile Agents and Web Services
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 98
Margherita Pagani (Bocconi University, Italy)
Interactive television (iTV) can be defined as the result of the process of convergence between television and the new interactive digital technologies (Pagani, 2000a; 2000b; 2003). Interactive television is basically domestic...
Interactive Digital Television
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 99
Hakikur Rahman (SDNP, Bangladesh)
With the extended application of information technologies, the conventional education system has crossed the physical boundaries to reach the unreached through virtual education system. In distant mode of education, students get...
Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education in Developing Countries
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 100
Hakikur Rahman (SDNP, Bangladesh)
Information is typically stored, manipulated, delivered, and retrieved using a plethora of existing and emerging technologies. Businesses and organizations must adopt these emerging technologies to remain competitive. However, the...
Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 101
Samuel Rivas (LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain), Miguel Barreiro (LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain), Víctor M. Gulías (University of A Coruña, MADS Group, Spain)
Even though digital systems have many advantages over traditional analogue systems, end users expect that they will not loose any functionality in the transition. Concretely, capabilities of video cassette recorders (VCR) should be...
Interactive Playout of Digital Video Streams
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 102
Alcina Prata (Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal (IPS), Portugal)
Television was a brilliant invention because it is capable of transporting us anywhere (Perera, 2002). Since its first production, in 1928, it never stopped spreading. In fact, while the Internet European penetration rate rounds...
Interactive Television Evolution
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 103
Alcina Prata (Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal (IPS), Portugal)
There is no doubt that interactive TV (iTV), which may be defined as a TV system that allows the viewer to interact with an application that is delivered simultaneously, via a digital network, in addition to the traditional TV signal...
Interactive Television Research Opportunities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 104
David Mazursky (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel)
In recent years the online Web site interface format was found to have significant effects on attitudes toward the store and people’s actual experiences when visiting Web sites. In attempting to gain a competitive advantage, online...
Interface-Based Differences in Online Decision Making
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 105
Violeta Tomaševic (Mihajlo Pupin Institute, Serbia), Goran Pantelic (Network Security Technologies – NetSeT, Serbia), Slobodan Bojanic (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
Originally developed for research and education purposes as Arpanet in 1970s, the Internet has become a worldwide network that offers numerous services to the immense community of users. An everyday progress of the network technology...
Internet and E-Business Security
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 106
John M. Carroll (The Pennsylvania State University, USA)
Case-based learning is one of the major pedagogical approaches applied in formal and informal teaching and learning. This article introduces an interactive digital case library which supports a full range of case study activities...
Introducing Digital Case Library
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 107
Terry T. Kidd (University of Texas School of Public Health, USA)
The waves of technology are changing the workplace and the worker of today as we approach the 21st century. To be prepared, people need to be proactive, to ride the next wave, to adapt to change, learning new things constantly.”...
Investing in Multimedia Agents for E-Learning Solutions
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 108
James O. Danenberg (Western Michigan University, USA)
E-learning (a major subcomponent of the broader term “distance learning”) is one of the tools with which education can be delivered at a distance, electronically. However, today e-learning is not just reserved for...
Issue and Practices of Electronic Learning
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 109
Richard Millham (Catholic University of Ghana, Ghana)
What are some of the issues relevant to distance education in sub-Saharan Africa? Some of these issues relate to the ‘push’ factors of distance education in sub-Saharan Africa, which include overcrowded tertiary institutions, the...
Issues with Distance Education in Sub-Saharan Africa
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 110
Theekshana Suraweera (University of Canterbury, New Zealand)
Computer-based information systems have grown in importance to SMEs, and are now being used increasingly to help them compete. For example, many SMEs have turned to the Internet to support their endeavours. Although the technology...
IT Management in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 111
Pauline Ratnasingam (University of Central Missouri, USA)
With the explosion of the Internet and Web technologies as a medium of exchange, issues such as knowledge coordination problems, knowledge transfer problems, and knowledge reuse problems related in IT security knowledge management...
Knowledge Management and Information Technology Security Services
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 112
Percy Kwok (Logos Academy, China)
Because of the ever changing nature of work and society under knowledge-based economy in the 21st century, students and teachers need to develop ways of dealing with complex issues and thorny problems that require new kinds of...
Knowledge-Building through Collaborative Web-Based Learning Community or Ecology in Education
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 113
Sumeet Gupta (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
Since the 1990s, a surge in the popularity and usage of e-commerce has led to the recent emergence of conducting business transactions using handheld mobile devices connected by wireless networks (Andrew, Valacich, & Jessup, 2003)....
Latest Trends in Mobile Business
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 114
Leading Virtual Teams  (pages 835-841)
Dan Novak (IBM Healthcare and Life Sciences, USA), Mihai C. Bocarnea (Regent University, USA)
New forms of organizations, such as virtual teams who primarily conduct their work through electronic media, are becoming more common. With the proliferation of information and communication technology (ICT), most organizational...
Leading Virtual Teams
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 115
Gunilla Widén-Wulff (Åbo Akademi University, Finland)
The Library 2.0 is a continuation of the development of digital libraries and user oriented digital information services such as MyLibrary. The 2.0 is used to distinguish the present initiatives from the traditional library and...
Library 2.0 as a New Participatory Context
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 116
Joanna Berry (Newcastle University, UK)
The introduction of the Internet and its rapid expansion in the 90s, coupled with technological advances in software and hardware, allowed the digitisation of virtually the entire value-chain of the music industry (Berry, 2006). The...
Live Music and Performances in a Virtual World
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 117
Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece), Ioannis Chochliouros (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), George K. Lalopoulos (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece), Stergios P. Chochliouros (Independent Consultant, Greece)
Recent European policies have very early identified (European Commission, 1999) the immense challenge for the European Union (EU) to promote various liberalization and harmonization measures in the relevant electronic communications...
Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) Policies in the European Framework
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 118
Mahesh S. Raisinghani (TWU School of Management, USA), Hassan Ghanem (University of Dallas, USA)
A form of fiber-optic communication delivery in which an optical fiber is run directly onto the customers’ premises is called Fiber to the Premises (FTTP). This contrasts with other fiber-optic communication delivery strategies such...
A Managerial Analysis of Fiber Optic Communications
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 119
Luigi Proserpio (Bocconi University, Italy)
Interview with Anthony Davidson, SuperAguri F1 GP Driver (autosport.com, March 2, 2007): Q: Can you actually learn anything from the [F1 videogame] though? AD: Absolutely. When I did the 2004 season, I really relied on having video...
Managerial Computer Business Games
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 120
Martin Meißner (Bielefeld University, Germany), Sören W. Scholz (Bielefeld University, Germany), Ralf Wagner (University of Kassel, Germany)
Marketing research is the process of systematically gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data pertaining to the company’s market, customers, and competitors, with a view to improving marketing decisions. Multimedia technologies and...
Marketing Research Using Multimedia Technologies
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 121
Mario A. Maggioni (Università Cattolica, Italy), Mike Thelwall (University of Wolverhampton, UK), Teodora Erika Uberti (Università Cattolica, Italy)
The Internet is one of the newest and most powerful media that enables the transmission of digital information and communication across the world, although there is still a digital divide between and within countries for its...
Measuring and Mapping the World Wide Web through Web Hyperlinks
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 122
Peter J. Natale (Regent University, USA)
Contemporary organizations are drastically changing, in large part due to the development and application of newer communication technologies and their respective media channel options. Within virtual organizations, business leaders...
Media Channel Preferences of Mobile Communities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 123
Darko Galinec (Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Croatia, Republic of Croatia), Slavko Vidovic (University of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia)
For integration of two business functions or two business systems it is necessary to connect their business processes with application support and data exchange. Processes appertaining to one application system create data which will...
Methodological Framework and Application Integration Services in Enterprise Information Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 124
Stefano Pace (Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Italy)
The Internet has developed from an informative medium to a social environment where people meet together, exchange messages and emotions, and establish friendships and social relationships. While the Internet was originally conceived...
Methods and Issues for Research in Virtual Communities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 125
Ioannis Chochliouros (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece), Stergios P. Chochliouros (Independent Consultant, Greece)
Dependability and security are rigorously related concepts that, however, differ for the specific proprieties they mainly concentrate on. In particular, in most commonly applied cases found in practical design techniques (Piedad &...
Methods for Dependability and Security Analysis of Large Networks
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 126
Sheng-Uei Guan (Brunel University, UK)
With the increasing usage of the Internet, electronic commerce (e-commerce) has been catching on fast in a lot of business areas. As e-commerce booms, there comes a demand for a better system to manage and carry out transactions....
Mobile Agent Authentication and Authorization
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 127
Gundars Kaupins (Boise State University, USA)
This article summarizes the present and potential legal constraints of mobile computing and commerce and provides company policy suggestions associated with wireless data collection, dissemination, and storage. The legal constraints...
Mobile Computing and Commerce Legal Implications
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 128
Lin Hui (Chinese University of Hong Kong, China), Ye Lei (Shanghai GALILEO Industries Ltd. (SGI), China)
The birth of mobile geographic information service (GIS) is introduced first, which is coming from the value-added service requirements in third generation (3G) telecommunications and functionally supported by geographic information...
Mobile Geographic Information Services
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 129
Subhankar Dhar (San Jose State University, USA)
In recent years, Web services have gained popularity in terms of applications and usage. A copious volume of literature has been published that describes the potential benefits of this technology (Chu, You, & Teng, 2004; Gehlen &...
Mobile Web Services for Mobile Commerce
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 130
Shiguo Lian (France Telecom R&D Beijing, China)
Since the beginning of 1990s, some multimedia standards (Joan, Didier, & Chad, 2003) related to image compression, video compression, or audio compression have been published and widely used. These compression methods reduce media...
Multimedia Content Protection Technology
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 131
Janusz Swierzowicz (Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland)
The development of information technology is particularly noticeable in the methods and techniques of data acquisition. Data can be stored in many forms of digital media, for example, still images taken by a digital camera, MP3...
Multimedia Data Mining Trends and Challenges
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 132
Multimedia Encryption  (pages 972-977)
Shujun Li (FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany)
Multimedia technology becomes more and more popular in today’s digitized and networked world. Many multimedia-based services, such as pay-TV, remote video conferencing, medical imaging, and archiving of government documents, require...
Multimedia Encryption
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 133
Ralf Wagner (University of Kassel, Germany), Martin Meißner (Bielefeld University, Germany)
Multimedia technologies provide direct marketers with an incredible diversity of opportunities for communication to as well as with customers in a more appealing manner than old-fashioned printed advertisements or mailings (Coviello...
Multimedia for Direct Marketing
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 134
Qing Li (City University of Hong Kong, China), Yi Zhuang (Zhejiang University, China), Jun Yang (Carnegie Mellon University, USA), Yueting Zhuang (Zhejiang University, China)
From late 1990s to early 2000s, the availability of powerful computing capability, large storage devices, high-speed networking, and especially the advent of the Internet, led to a phenomenal growth of digital multimedia content in...
Multimedia Information Retrieval at a Crossroad
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 135
Multimedia Representation  (pages 995-1007)
Bo Yang (Bowie State University, USA)
In recent years, the rapid expansion of multimedia applications, partly due to the exponential growth of the Internet, has proliferated over the daily life of computer users (Yang & Hurson, 2006). The integration of wireless...
Multimedia Representation
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 136
Momouh Khadraoui (University of Fribourg, Switzerland), Béat Hirsbrunner (University of Fribourg, Switzerland), D. Khadraoui (CRP Henri Tudor (CITI), Luxembourg), F. Meinköhn (Cybercultus S.A., Luxembourg)
Forms of broadcast media, such as TV and radio, are considered passive because the consumer simply receives the message and does not choose whether or not view or to listen (other than by changing the channel). Interactive television...
Multimedia Standards for iTV Technology
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 137
Armando Cirrincione (Bocconi University, Italy)
Multimedia technologies (MMT) are tools that make it possible to transmit information in a very large meaning, transforming them into knowledge through leveraging the learning power of senses in learners and stimulating their...
Multimedia Technologies in Education
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 138
Samuel Rivas (LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain), Miguel Barreiro (LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain), Víctor M. Gulías (University of A Coruña, MADS Group, Spain)
Multiplexing is the process of combining several independent signals to build another one from which it is possible to recover any of the original signals. This way, several sources of information can share one single transmission...
Multiplexing Digital Multimedia Data
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 139
Edward Dieterle (Harvard University, USA)
In the late 1970s, Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw of the University of Essex developed the first MUD (multi-user dungeon/domain/dimension, depending on the source) to facilitate multiplayer role-playing games run over computer...
Multi-User Virtual Environments for Teaching and Learning
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 140
Peter Murphy (Monash University, Australia)
What does the space created by the Internet look like? One answer to this question is to say that, because this space exists “virtually,” it cannot be represented. The idea of things that cannot be visually represented has a long...
The N-Dimensional Geometry and Kinaesthetic Space of the Internet
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 141
Hakikur Rahman (SDNP, Bangladesh)
For many reasons, the establishment of technology is crucial to socio-economic development, as well as increasing democratization of a nation. The technology is pervasive in nature, but the cost benefit together with the national...
Network Deployment for Social Benefits in Developing Countries
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 142
Jo-Mae B. Maris (Northern Arizona University, USA)
Cross-discipline research requires researchers to understand many concepts outside their own discipline. Computing has increased in our everyday lives to the point that “ubiquitous computing” has become an entry in the Wikipedia...
Network-Based Information System Model for Research
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 143
Guy Wood-Bradley (Deakin University, Australia)
The relative infancy of digital television technology (and as a correlative, iTV, or, interactive television) in Australia offers an excellent opportunity for the examination of potential issues regarding the acceptance and take-up...
A New Framework for Interactive Entertainment Technologies
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 144
David Lebow (HyLighter, Inc., USA), Dale Lick (Florida State University, USA), Hope Hartman (City College of New York, USA)
In an essay entitled, The Next Information Revolution, Peter Drucker (1997) compared the existing business environment to conditions in the sixteenth century within the emerging publishing industry. Up until the mid 1500s, the people...
New Technology for Empowering Virtual Communities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 145
Abhijit Roy (University of Scranton, USA)
Technology has enabled communities to move beyond the physical face-to-face contacts to the online realm of the World Wide Web. With the advent of the highways in the 1950s and 1960s, “communities” were created in suburbia. The...
Online Communities and Social Networking
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 146
Elizabeth Koh (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
Online education is growing rapidly. Online education is a Web-based form of education where students gain access to online materials and communicate with instructors and other students. There are four distinguishing characteristics...
Online Education and Cultural Background
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 147
Online Privacy Issues  (pages 1086-1092)
Hy Sockel (DIKW Management Group, USA), Kuanchin Chen (Western Michigan University, USA), Louis K. Falk (University of Texas at Brownsville, USA)
Businesses need to understand privacy conditions and implications to ensure that they are in compliance with legal constraints and do not step on consumers’ rights for privacy. Personal identifiable information (PII) and data can...
Online Privacy Issues
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 148
Ontology and Multimedia  (pages 1093-1099)
Roberto Poli (University of Trento, Italy), Achilles Kameas (Hellenic Open University, Italy), Lambrini Seremeti (Hellenic Open University, Italy)
Audiovisual resources in the form of still pictures, graphical, 3D models, audio, speech, and video play an increasing pervasive role in our lives, and there will be a growing need to manage all these multimedia objects. This is a...
Ontology and Multimedia
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 149
Colin Tattersall (Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands)
Significant investments have been made by universities, colleges, distance learning providers, and corporate training departments in the area of e-learning. Moving from early use of static HTML pages providing course details, the use...
An Open E-Learning Specification for Multiple Learners and Flexible Pedagogies
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 150
Emmanuel Udoh (Sullivan University, USA)
The free or open source software (OSS) movement, pioneered by Richard Stallman in 1983, is gaining mainstream acceptance and challenging the established order of the commercial software world. The movement is taking root in various...
Open Source Database Technologies
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 151
Ioannis Chochliouros (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Stergios P. Chochliouros (Independent Consultant, Greece), George Agapiou (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece)
The tremendous growth in the mobile communications sector has had a profound technical, economic/business, and social impact in Europe and worldwide (Chochliouros & Spiliopoulou, 2005). In particular, various sectors’ effects...
Opportunities and Challenges from Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) Technology
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 152
Joel J.P.C. Rodrigues (Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Beira Interior, Portugal), Mário M. Freire (Institute of Telecommunications, Portugal), Paulo P. Monteiro (University of Beira Interior, Portugal), Pascal Lorenz (Institute of Telecommunications, Portugal)
The concept of burst switching was initially proposed in the context of voice communications by Haselton (1983) and Amstutz (1983, 1989) in the early 1980s. More recently, in the late 1990s, optical burst switching (OBS) has been...
Optical Burst Switch as a New Switching Paradigm for High-Speed Internet
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 153
Darren P. Mundy (University of Hull, UK), Oleksandr Otenko (Oracle Corporation, UK)
Public key infrastructures (PKI) are now in place in a number of organizations and there is a vast amount of material available that can be used to obtain familiarisation with the concept (Adams & Lloyd, 2002; Raina, 2003). Although...
An Overview of Privilege Management Infrastructure (PMI)
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 154
Peer-to-Peer Usage Analysis  (pages 1136-1141)
Florent Masseglia (INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France), Pascal Poncelet (EMA-LGI2P Site EERIE, France), Maguelonne Teisseire (LIRMM UMR CNRS 5506, France)
With the huge number of information sources available on the Internet and the high dynamics of their data, peer-to-peer (P2P) systems propose a communication model in which each party has the same capabilities and can initiate a...
Peer-to-Peer Usage Analysis
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 155
George Lekakos (University of Cyprus, Cyprus), Konstantinos Chorianopoulos (Ionian University, Greece)
The ability to deliver personalized advertising messages has long been a major objective in marketing since it allows marketers to meet heterogeneous consumer needs and target their messages more effectively (Arens & Bovee, 1994)....
Personalized Advertising Methods in Digital Interactive Television
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 156
Maria R. Lee (Shih-Chien University, Taiwan)
The number of cellular phone subscribers has reached a total of 5.6 million in Taiwan (NCC, 2007). Meanwhile, Internet users have reached a total of 14.5 million and mobile Internet users have broken the record of 9.1 million in 2006...
The Perspectives of Message-Based Service in Taiwan
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 157
Anxo Cereijo Roibás (SCMIS, University of Brighton, UK), Stephen Johnson (Mobility Research Centre, UK)
This article presents a research project carried out at the BT Mobility Research Center with the aim of developing appropriate applications for pervasive iTV, paying special attention to the personal and social contextual usage of...
Pervasive iTV and Creative Networked Multimedia Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 158
Carrison K.S. Tong (Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China), Eric T.T. Wong (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China)
For the past 100 years, film has been almost the exclusive medium for capturing, storing, and displaying radiographic images. Film is a fixed medium with usually only one set of images available. Today, the radiologic sciences are on...
Picture Archiving and Communication System for Public Healthcare
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 159
Kenneth J. Turner (University of Stirling, UK)
This article discusses the use of policies to control calls—whether in traditional telephony or in its more modern versions such as mobile telephony or Internet telephony. Call control is as old as telephony. It allows subscribers...
Policy-Based Management for Call Control
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 160
Spiros Louvros (Technological Educational Institute of Messologi, Greece), Athanassios C. Iossifides (Maintenance Department, Northern Greece Maintenance Division, Greece)
The role of transmission network design is diverse. Basically, it includes the preparation of transmission solutions for access and core (backbone) transmission networks. In the design of a transmission network, the engineer must...
Polymer Optical Fibers (POF) Applications for Indoor Cell Coverage Transmission Infrastructure
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 161
Privacy Risk in E-Commerce  (pages 1188-1193)
Tziporah Stern (Baruch College, CUNY, USA)
Privacy, or the right to hold information about oneself in secret (Masuda, 1979; O’Brien & Yasnof, 1999), has become increasingly important in the information society. With the rapid technological advances and the digitalization of...
Privacy Risk in E-Commerce
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 162
Peter Murphy (Monash University, Australia)
The development of the “World Wide Web” has had a significant impact on the formation of public opinion in democratic societies. This impact, though, has not been exactly that predicted by early 1990’s prophets of the Web, who...
Public Opinion and the Internet
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 163
Ivy Tan (University of Saskatchewan, Canada), Ravi Chandran (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
Rapid e-learning (REL) is a phrase in common use since 2003. This article defines REL, describes types of REL authoring tools, discusses management and instructional issues surrounding REL in corporate and academic settings, and...
Rapid E-Learning in the University
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 164
Laurence Mukankusi (University of North Dakota, USA), Jared Keengwe (University of North Dakota, USA), Yao Amewokunu (Laval University, Canada), Assion Lawson-Body (University of North Dakota, USA)
Information technology (IT) investments are justified based on average improvement in performance (Peacock & Tanniru, 2005). Firms rely on those investments (Demirhan, Jacob, & Raghunathan, 2002; Duh, Chow, & Chen, 2006; Tuten, 2003)...
Relationships between Wireless Technology Investment and Organizational Performance
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 165
Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary)
The multimedia applications generally support one-tomany group communication. Multicasting decreases the communication costs for applications, which send the same data to multiple receivers. Table 1 summarizes the types of the...
Reliability Issues of the Multicast-Based Mediacommunication
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 166
Sunand Bhattacharya (ITT Educational Services Inc., USA), Jeremy Dunning (Indiana University, USA), Abtar Kaur (Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia), David Daniels (Pearson Learning Solutions, USA)
Web-based distance learning is hampered in many cases by a failure to deliver material in a manner consistent with the ways in which students learn and instructors teach best in traditional environments (Samoriski, 2002). Excellent...
Re-Purposeable Learning Objects Based on Teaching and Learning Styles
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 167
Christian Kaspar (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany)
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a radio-supported identification technology that typically operates by saving a serial number on a radio transponder that contains a microchip for data storage. Via radio waves, the coded...
RFID Technologies and Applications
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 168
Stan Ruecker (University of Alberta, Canada)
Everyone who has browsed the Internet is familiar with the problems involved in finding what they want. From the novice to the most sophisticated user, the challenge is the same: how to identify quickly and reliably the precise Web...
Rich-Prospect Browsing Interfaces
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 169
Lech Janczewski (The University of Auckland, New Zealand)
Developments in multimedia technology and in networking offer to organizations new and more effective ways of conducting their businesses. That includes both internal as well as external contacts. Practically every business person...
Road Map to Information Security Management
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 170
Sören W. Scholz (Bielefeld University, Germany), Ralf Wagner (University of Kassel, Germany)
The term environmental scanning (ES) refers to the way in which managers study their relevant business environment. More precisely, we define ES as both looking for and looking at information available in the business environment....
Scanning Multimedia Business Environments
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 171
Dilvan de Abreu Moreira (Stanford University, USA), Elaine Quintino da Silva (University of São Paulo, Brazil)
In the last few years, education has been going through an important change: the introduction of information technology in the educational process. Many efforts have been conducted to realize the benefits of such technologies, such...
A Second Look at Improving Student Interaction with Internet and Peer Review
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 172
Pauline Ratnasingam (University of Central Missouri, USA)
The increasing trend in the use of Internet-based emarketplace applications has created tremendous opportunities for businesses to manage effective supply chain management. An electronic market exists when a supplier provides goods...
A Security Framework for E-Marketplace Participation
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 173
Volker Hockmann (Techniker Krankenkasse, Hamburg, Germany), Heinz D. Knoell (University of Lueneburg, Germany), Ernst L. Leiss (University of Houston, USA)
Web servers and the Web services associated with them have become increasingly important in the last few years. Online banking, e-mail, and money, business- to-business (B2B), and business-to-client (B2C) transactions are growing...
Security of Web Servers and Web Services
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 174
Semantic Web Services  (pages 1293-1298)
Juan Manuel Adán-Coello (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Brazil)
Service-oriented computing (SOC) is a new computing paradigm that uses services as building blocks to accelerate the development of distributed applications in heterogeneous computer environments. SOC promises a world of cooperating...
Semantic Web Services
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 175
Chi Po Cheong (University of Macau, China)
Credit card is the most popular payment method used in Internet shopping. The idea of credit card payment is to buy first and pay later. The cardholder can pay at the end of the statement cycle or they can pay interest on the...
A Simple and Secure Credit Card-Based Payment System
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 176
Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary)
Internet streaming media changed the Web from a static medium into a multimedia platform, which supports audio and video content delivery. In our days streaming media turns into the standard way of global media broadcasting and...
Simulation-Based Comparison of TCP and TCP-Friendly Protocols
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 177
Social Networking  (pages 1316-1326)
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, UK)
It is in man’s nature to form communities, and it is also in his nature to communicate. Psychologists hold that man is moved by instincts, desires which can only find full satisfaction in a community and by communication. Social...
Social Networking
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 178
Jürgen Dorn (Vienna University of Technology, Austria)
Social software is a class of information systems supporting the establishment and management of online communities for people in performing certain tasks. One of the first application types were bulletin boards. Social software may...
Social Software (and Web 2.0)
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 179
Ramanjit Singh (University of Manchester, UK)
Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia that operates worldwide on the Internet. Articles on Wikipedia are developed with close collaboration of volunteers and anyone can edit the content (Wikipedia, 2006e). Although there are many...
Sociocultural Implications of Wikipedia
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 180
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Magee Campus, UK)
Spam in the computer does not simply mean ads. Spam is any message, article, or ad that repeats itself an unacceptable number of times so that it causes annoyance. The content of the spam is of no importance. It could contain your...
SPIT: Spam Over Internet Telephony
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 181
Omar El-Gayar (Dakota State University, USA), Kuanchin Chen (Western Michigan University, USA)
This chapter provides a brief overview of Web interactivity. It highlights current research findings on interactivity from several academic disciplines and offers insights on current and future development of Web interactivity. A...
Status and Future Trends of Multimedia Interactivity on the Web
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 182
Evangelia M. Georgiadou (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Ioannis Chochliouros (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), George Heliotis (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece), Maria Belesioti (OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece)
As the technological scene of the 21st century changes rapidly, new facts for telecom and networks are coming to the front. Users’ growing demands for enhanced multimedia services on one hand and expanding infrastructure on the other...
Strategies for Next Generation Networks Architectures
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 183
Timothy Teo (Nanyang Technology University, Singapore), Jan Noyes (University of Bristol, UK)
In the developed world, multimedia technologies, networks, and online services continue to pervade our everyday lives. Alongside the advancements in multimedia and networking technologies, it is essential for the stakeholders (e.g....
Teachers' Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 184
Hyo-Jeong So (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore), Bosung Kim (University of Missouri–Columbia, USA)
For the past decade, handheld devices with mobile and wireless capabilities have emerged as the next promising generation of technology for teaching and learning. Today, handheld devices such as mobile phones, personal digital...
Teaching and Learning with Mobile Technologies
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 185
Vasja Vehovar (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)
Surveys—data collection based on standardized questionnaires— started with censuses thousands of years ago. However, it was only in the 1930s, following some breakthrough developments in applied statistics, that the sample survey...
The Technological Revolution in Survey Data Collection
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 186
Teletranslation  (pages 1379-1386)
Minako O’Hagan (Dublin City University, Ireland)
Translation as a form of language mediation is called upon to convert the source text written in one natural language into the target text in another, to assimilate or disseminate information across language barriers. Prior to the...
Teletranslation
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 187
Loreen Marie Powell (Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA)
The advancements of technology have altered the way many small businesses operate in the United States of America (USA) (Butcher-Powell, 2006). Small businesses have been forced to embrace technology or lose valuable employees and...
Teleworker's Security Risks Minimized with Informal Online Information Technology Communities of Practice
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 188
Geraldine Torrisi-Steele (Griffith University, Australia)
The notion of using technology for educational purposes is not new. In fact, it can be traced back to the early 1900s during which time school museums were used to distribute portable exhibits. This was the beginning of the visual...
Theoretical Foundations for Educational Multimedia
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 189
Amy Sze Hui Eow (National University of Singapore, Singapore), Jiayu Guo (National University of Singapore, Singapore), Sheng-Uei Guan (Brunel University, UK)
Near field communication (NFC) is a new wireless connectivity technology that enables short-range communication between electronic devices. The operation of NFC is intuitive, making it easy for consumers to use. With built-in...
Tourist Applications Made Easier Using Near Field Communication
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 190
Tanko Ishaya (The University of Hull, UK)
Developments in the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) technologies have led to an evolving trend in Electronic learning (e-learning). E-learning is now one of the most fast growing trends in computing and higher education (Ishaya...
Towards Management of Interoperable Learning Objects
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 191
Spiros Louvros (Maintenance Department, Northern Greece Maintenance Division, Greece)
The last two decades, after the telecommunication and computer technology convergence, the world of telecommunication applications has changed dramatically. The traffic needs of the customers have moved from circuit switched...
Towards Unified Services in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Based on Soft-Switch Platform
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 192
Ephrem Eyob (Virginia State University, USA)
Telecommunications and networking, two prominent technologies of the information age, have enjoyed substantial investments from industry and government, resulting in unparalleled growth in the transmission of voice, video, and data...
Trends in Telecommunications and Networking in Secure E-Commerce Applications
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 193
Ubiquitous Commerce  (pages 1430-1435)
Holtjona Galanxhi-Janaqi (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA)
Ubiquitous commerce, also referred to as “u-commerce” or “über-commerce,” is the combination of electronic, wireless/mobile, television, voice, and silent commerce. However, its full realization would bring something more than the...
Ubiquitous Commerce
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 194
Gaye Lightbody (University of Ulster, Northern Ireland)
The higher education environment is changing driven by the needs of its students, evolving into a combination of different approaches (blended learning), with lectures, tutorials, and independent reading forming just one side of the...
Ubiquitous Mobile Learning in Higher Education
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 195
Sabira Khatun (University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia), Rashid A. Saeed (MIMOS BERHAD, Malaysia), Nor Kamariah Nordin (University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia), Borhanuddin Mohd Ali (MIMOS BERHAD, Malaysia)
Ultra-wideband (UWB) is an alternative wireless communications technology that offers high bandwidth wireless communications without the constraints of spectrum allocation. Fundamentally different from conventional radio frequency...
Ultra-Wideband Solutions for Last Mile Access Network
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 196
Calin Gurau (GSCM – Montpellier Business School, France)
Electronic commerce requires the redefinition of the firm’s relationships with partners, suppliers, and customers. The goal of effective customer relationship management (CRM) practice is to increase the firm’s customer equity, which...
UML as an Essential Tool for Implementing eCRM Systems
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 197
Carlos Varela (Campus de Elviña, Spain)
Presently, there are three main ESG systems used in DVB-H (DVB, 2004) systems : 1. CBMS (DVB, 2006), promoted by the digital video broadcasting project (DVB). 2. OAI (NOKIA, 2006), promoted by NOKIA. 3. OMA (OMA, 2006), still in...
Unified Architecture for DVB-H Electronic Service Guide
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 198
Unified KS-Code  (pages 1473-1479)
M. K.A. Abdullah (University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia), S. A. Aljunid (Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Utara Malaysia (KUKUM), Malaysia), M. D.A. Samad (University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia), S. B.A. Anas (University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia), R. K.Z. Sahbudin (University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia)
Many codes have been proposed for optical CDMA system as discussed in Svetislav, Mari, Zoran, Kosti, and Titlebaum (1993), Salehi (1989), Liu and Tsao (2002), Maric, Moreno, and Corrada (1996), Wei and Ghafouri-Shiraz (2002), and...
Unified KS-Code
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 199
Kuanchin Chen (Western Michigan University, USA), Hy Sockel (DIKW Management Group, USA), Louis K. Falk (University of Texas at Brownsville, USA)
Usability is an acknowledged important aspect of any system or product design. Many times it is related to not only product features, but also ultimately profit that can be generated from the product. Good interface design promotes...
Usability in Mobile Computing and Commerce
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 200
Christophe Cruz (Université de Bourgogne, France)
Computer graphics have widely spread out into various computer applications. After the early wire-frame computer generated images of the 1960s, spatial representation of objects improved in the 1970s with Boundary Representation...
Use of Semantics to Manage 3D Scenes in Web Platforms
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 201
John Fulcher (University of Wollongong, Australia)
Much has changed in computer interfacing since the early days of computing—or has it? Admittedly, gone are the days of punched cards and/or paper tape readers as input devices; likewise, monitors (displays) have superseded printers...
User Interface Issues in Multimedia
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 202
Norhayati Zakaria (Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia)
Many multinational companies (MNCs) have inevitably assembled and employed global virtual teams (GVTs) to leverage their work performance. GVTs are considered as an innovative and flexible work structure to achieve competitiveness in...
Using Computer Mediated Communication as a Tool to Facilitate Intercultural Collaboration of Global Virtual Teams
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 203
Video Ontology  (pages 1506-1511)
Jeongkyu Lee (University of Bridgeport, USA)
There has been a great deal of interest in the development of ontology to facilitate knowledge sharing and database integration. In general, ontology is a set of terms or vocabularies of interest in a particular information domain...
Video Ontology
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 204
Virtual Communities  (pages 1512-1519)
George Kontolemakis (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece)
In recent years, computer-mediated communication has been the enabling factor for connecting people to one another and establishing “virtual relationships” (Igbaria, 1999; Johnston, Raizada, & Cronin, 1996). Virtual communities...
Virtual Communities
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 205
Jamie S. Switzer (Colorado State University, USA)
This article will focus on the characteristics of a technology- supported virtual community where university students can seek the guidance of professionals in the students’ field of study via a mediated mentoring program. Advances...
Virtual Community Mentoring in Higher Education
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 206
The Virtual Public Sphere  (pages 1525-1530)
Robert A. Cropf (Saint Louis University, USA)
The public sphere does not exist and operate in the same way everywhere. Every country is different with regard to its own economic, social, political, and cultural characteristics and relations; therefore, each country’s public...
The Virtual Public Sphere
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 207
Virtual Reality in Medicine  (pages 1531-1536)
Michelle LaBrunda (Cabrini Medical Center, USA), Andrew LaBrunda (University of Guam, USA)
Virtual reality is a collection of technologies that enable people to use their senses to experience sensory input provided from a source other than the immediate environment. These events may occur in real time, can be a simulation...
Virtual Reality in Medicine
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 208
August-Wilhelm Scheer (Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany)
The emergence of what we call today the World Wide Web, the WWW, or simply the Web, dates back to 1989 when Tim Berners-Lee proposed a hypertext system to manage information overload at CERN, Switzerland (Berners-Lee, 1989). This...
Web 2.0 and Beyond-Participation Culture on the Web
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 209
Web Design Concept  (pages 1545-1550)
Ginger Rosenkrans (Pepperdine University, USA)
In 2005, the Internet became available to one billion people worldwide with about 845 million people using it regularly (Emarketer, 2006). The United States has one of the largest Internet populations with 175.4 million online users...
Web Design Concept
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 210
Murali Raman (Multimedia University, Malaysia)
This article presents the use of Wiki technology to support knowledge management efforts in an organizational setting. We begin by providing some background information about knowledge management and knowledge management systems...
Wiki Technology as a Knowledge Management System
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 211
WLAN Security Management  (pages 1558-1572)
Göran Pulkkis (Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland)
In a wired local area network (LAN), the network ports and cables are mostly contained inside a building. Therefore, a hacker must defeat physical security measures, such as security personnel, identity cards, and door locks, to be...
WLAN Security Management
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Chapter 212
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, UK)
A podcast is a Web feed containing audio or video files which is then placed on the Internet for anyone to download. What makes the podcast distinct from traditional media like broadcasting and streaming is that the podcast file will...
The World of Podcasting, Screencasting, Blogging, and Videoblogging
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
Back Materials
PDFHTML
About the Editor
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
PDFHTML
Index
This content has been removed at the discretion of the publisher and the editors.
View All Books

Request Access

You do not own this content. Please login to recommend this title to your institution's librarian or purchase it from the IGI Global bookstore.