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Wisdom Defined
By
IGI Global
on
Feb 11, 2011
IGI Global would like to thank Dr. Andrew Targowski for contributing this guest editorial post.
Despite wisdom's high status, the first sages had problems in dealing with it and stated that only God(s) have a privilege of having wisdom and that people must follow their wise recommendations. Even philosophers in modern times continue to think the same way, perhaps due to their disappointment of humans' unwise dealings.
In the last 100 years, the issue of wisdom was treated by science as intelligence. The index of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was coined by the German psychologist William Stern in 1912. IQ scores are used in many contexts, such as predictors of educational achievement or special needs. However, IQ measures intelligence as the ability of solving problems, but not wisdom per se.
By the end of the 20th century the empirical research on wisdom was undertaken, mostly by some psychologists. One of the early pioneers was American Vivian Clayton, who identified the three general aspects of activity that are central to wisdom: the acquisition of knowledge (cognitive) and the analysis of that information (reflective) filtered through the emotions (affective). According to Clayton, the young cannot be wise. Soon research shifted to Berlin and to the famous Institute of Max Planck for Human Development.
The Berlin Wisdom Study, a scientific study of wisdom, was initiated by Paul B. Baltes (1939-2006) in the early 1980s. Baltes was a German psychologist with educational roots in the Pennsylvania State University. Baltes and his collaborators (Jacqui Smith, Ursula M. Staudinger, Ute Kunzman, and others) "took wisdom into the laboratory." The Berlin paradigm defined wisdom as "an expert knowledge system concerning the fundamental pragmatics of life at its peak." The Berlin researchers perceived wisdom as good judgment, shrewd advice, psychological insight, emotional regulation, and emphatic understanding. According to these researchers, 60 is the optimal age for possessing wisdom.
In the US, at the University of Florida in Gainesville, German born psychologist Monika Ardelt continues Clayton's research based on the cognitive, reflective, and emotional "three-dimensional" wisdom scale ("3D-WS"). Based on her research she argues that a kind of wisdom can arise in ordinary people from unexpected backgrounds.
The Berlin Study did not trigger widespread research on wisdom in the US. Wisdom still is not seen as relevant to mainstream research in the social sciences. Yale psychologist Robert J. Sternberg is a rare exception. He published two comprehensive books on wisdom and argues that in testing human performance, one must go beyond intelligence and take wisdom into account. He defined wisdom as the application of successful intelligence and creativity as mediated by values toward the achievement of a common good through a balance among (a) intrapersonal, (b) interpersonal, and (c) extra-personal interests, over (a) short and (b) long terms, in order to achieve a balance among (a) adaptation to existing environment, (b) shaping of existing environments, and (c) selection of new environments. His definition of wisdom is close to prudence.
Stephen Hall reports that young people are more pessimistic and older people are more optimistic in expressing their judgment, which reflects their kind of wisdom. He argues that "wisdom is, and how one learns to be wise, is still somewhat a mystery." It must be really "mystery" if the Encyclopedia Britannica does not have an entry on modern wisdom definition!
Wisdom as the optimal decision has been the research subject of operation research (OR), management science (MS), and econometrics for the last 50 plus years. This was done by applying mathematical modeling, which later gave foundation for OR and MS. Several Nobel Prizes in economics were given to the pioneers of modeling optimal (wise) decision making. This approach can be called "the calculated wisdom."
In the meantime, computer scientists build "thinking machines" using artificial intelligence. Furthermore, these machines make decisions and show some sort of preprogrammed decision-making. Even in some instances, new decisions which can be categorized as "optimal" or "wise" are generated by artificial intelligence. In other words, the quest for wisdom absorbs the minds and skills of the third group of scientists-cognitive informaticians who not only argue about what wisdom is, but also want to "insert" it into their "thinking machines."
Cognitive informatics (CI) investigates the natural intelligence and internal information processing mechanisms of the brain, as well as the processes involved in perception and cognition. CI provides a coherent set of fundamental theories and contemporary mathematics, which form the foundation for most information and knowledge based science and engineering disciplines such as computer science, cognitive science, neuropsychology, systems science, cybernetics, software engineering, and knowledge engineering. The development of classical and contemporary informatics, the cross fertilization between computer science, systems science, cybernetics, computer/software engineering, cognitive science, neuropsychology, knowledge engineering, philosophy, and life science has led to an entire range of the extremely interesting new research field.
Dr. Andrew Targowski defined wisdom (in a short definition) as "good judgment and choice coming from the art of life." More of this research can be found in his most recent IGI Global book, "Cognitive Informatics and Wisdom Development: Interdisciplinary Approaches." For more information on this title please visit
www.igi-global.com/Bookstore/TitleDetails.aspx?TitleId=45947
. Dr. Targowski has been a professor of business information systems at Western Michigan University since 1980. Dr. Targowski has published 21 books on information technology, history, and political science in English and Polish. During the 1990s, he was a director of the TeleCITY of Kalamazoo Project, one of the first digital cities in the U.S. He investigates the role of information-communication in enterprise, economy, and civilization. He is a president of the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations and a former chairman of the Advisory Council of the Information Resources Management Association (1995-2003). For comments and discussion on the post, please use the form below or email Dr. Targowski at
andrew.targowski@wmich.edu
.
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