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The current ratings of underground power distribution cables are affected by ambient temperature, cable laying depth, number of cables in parallel circuits, sheath bonding and thermal resistivity of soil. One important factor usually ignored is the formation of dry zones around the underground power...

In this chapter different types of backfill soils are investigated to select the most suitable type of soil that can be used to increase the underground ampacity by selecting the soils that limit the dry zones formation around the underground power cables. The tests carried out on the soils under study...

In chapter 10, It is shown that the types of the bonding are one of the important factors which affect the sheath losses in single-core cables, and it is concluded that both single-point bonding and cross bonding, which are known as special bonding, introduce the lowest losses in the metallic sheath of...

Probably 80% of all testing performed in electrical power systems is related to the verification of insulation quality. This chapter briefly describes the fundamental concepts of insulation testing including – insulation behavior, types of tests, and some test procedures. Most electrical equipment in...

Before attempting to locate underground cable faults on direct buried primary cable, it is necessary to know where the cable is located and what route it takes. If the fault is on secondary cable, knowing the exact route is even more critical. Since it is extremely difficult to find a cable fault...

In the chapter, one of widespread models of the organization of heat supply of consumers presented in the “Single buyer” format is considered. The scientific and methodical base for its description and research offers to accept the fundamental principles of the theory of hydraulic circuits, bi-level...

This chapter presents new methods and software system SOSNA intended for the parameter optimization of heat supply systems. They make it possible to calculate large-scale systems which have a complex structure with any set of nodes, sections, and circuits. A new methodological approach to solving the...

ICT service-providers are to daily face the problem of delivering ICT services (data processing (Dp) and/or telecommunication (Tlc) services) assuring the best compromise between Quality of Service (QoS) and Energy Optimization. Indeed, any operation of saving energy involves waste in the QoS. This...

The identification and classification of electrical faults have a great importance in power system analysis. They help in the dimensioning and the adequate choice of electrical equipment, especially, for protective and interrupting devices. This chapter describes the various faults undergone by the...

It is generally aware that real-time parameter estimation of A.C. induction machine is very important for the efficient operation of vector-controlled drives. However, most existing methods have not taken into account of the four imperfections within the system, i.e. the existence of severe power...

Issues related to power system voltage levels have become increasingly important issue during last two and half decades. In power networks, low voltage situations may result in the loss of stability, voltage collapse and eventually to cascading power outages. Large number of incidents of voltage...

The study of energy efficiency in buildings is an active field of research. Modeling and predicting energy related magnitudes leads to analyze electric power consumption and can achieve economical benefits. In this study, classical time series analysis and machine learning techniques, introducing...

Due to the growing demand of businesses, enterprises are concentrating on performance improvement as well as investment reduction for their applications. Cloud Computing, an emerging technology which provides enormous services through internet is the best choice for the enterprises to improve their...

The network is created through a mixture of IT, communication technology and electrical power systems. The smart grid means it is “smarter” in the sense it has its own intelligence hence a smarter power grid. The generated resources are being decentralized by the smart power grids. The major challenges...

In this book, we discuss reliability in electrical energy converters. The first step is introducing these devices and recognizing their main functions as well as their importance. Electrical energy conversion systems consist of two main parts: Electrical machines and Power electronic converters....

Static and rotary electric power converters have different structures but there are common failure factors in both of them. In this chapter, causes of failure in electric power converters is described. All of the failure factors which are described in this chapter are catastrophic factors and lead to...

It is important to have an expectation about useful life of a system before its construction or even its remaining useful life during its operation. Reliability prediction is a tool for this goal. Reliability is the probability of performing adequately to achieve the desired aim of the system. In this...

Over temperature is one of the main reasons of failure in electric power converters. In addition, some of other failure factors such as dielectric breakdown act as over temperature in damaging process of a converter. In the previous chapter, it is emphasized that temperature factor is a key index in...

In contemporary world the technology has kept its vast identity in developing ultra NANO devices to give up the compact device utilities, in VLSI, Metal Oxide Semiconductor device plays an key role in power dissipation product, in terms of MOS theory characteristics it is predefined that a MOS...

This chapter describes three contemporary low power design approaches; a resistor-less bandgap reference circuit, a hybrid voltage level shifter with a diode connected NMOS and a modified dynamic comparator, each design with the objective to demonstrate the feasibility of contemporary approaches in...

Integrated circuits have been predominantly designed and developed by large firms and manufacturers; nowadays, any electronic engineer should be able to develop specific and innovative low-power designs using available open cores. This chapter presents the design process for a specific chip, beginning...

Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) generators are a basic tool for the test and measurement of digital systems. One drawback for hardware implementation of the classically used algorithms is that they require the hardware implementation of complex operations (such as sinusoidal and logarithmic...

In hardware design flow, testing is the most important step to hardware quality assurance before a hardware component is released. However simulation and verification during design steps are not enough to guarantee a system without failures. In many cases the system fails after have been deployed....

Typical applications involving image retrieval processes demand a great amount of computation. The visual content of the images is extracted and represented by means of descriptor vectors of multidimensional characteristics. The image retrieval process consists of two tasks: (1) generation of database...

The use of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices in the signal processing field has been on a constant rise since the beginning of the last decade. In particular, in the field of signal processing applications, the implementation of methods and techniques for the detection of coded signals...