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Improving the performance of existing technologies has always been a focal practice in the development of computational systems. However, as circuitry is becoming more complex, conventional techniques are becoming outdated and new research methodologies are being implemented by designers. Performance...

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) represent predictive models derived from the application of statistical tools correlating biological activity or other properties of chemicals with descriptors representative of molecular structure and/or property. Quantitative Structure-Activity...

Direct current machines are a quickly evolving domain whose applications affect many aspects of modern life from computers and printers to toys, electric vehicles, and traction applications. As their many uses continue to grow, it has become apparent that understanding these machines is the key to...

Reliability has become an important issue in the continuously CMOS technology scaling down. The exploration of the technology limits using classic performance optimization techniques and leads to the best trade-off for the area, power consumption, and speed. Nevertheless, such key characteristics have...

In this chapter, the problem of computer time reduction for optimization of large electronic system is discussed. It is one of the essential problems of high-quality improvement of design, and it is defined by means of the generalized methodology for analog network optimization on the basis of the...

This chapter presents a new methodology to enhance the optimization process of an analog integrated circuit synthesis tool, AIDA-C, by taking into account the floorplan of the circuit. The addition of the new Analog Module Generator (AMG) in the AIDA framework creates the possibility to efficiently...

Multi-objective metaheuristics are over and over again used by analog designers. They allow generating a set of non-dominated solutions (i.e. the Pareto front). In this chapter, the authors highlight the fact, via the application of six multi-objective algorithms to the optimization of conflicting...

A serious drawback associated with systems-on-a-chip integration and CMOS technology scaling trends is the increasing susceptibility to manufacturing process variations and aging effects. Consequently, it is critical to improve on-chip measurement and self-calibration capabilities as well as the...

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is a key functional block in the design of mixed signal, system on chip, and signal processing applications. An optimized method for the direct conversion of analog signal to Gray code representation is presented. This eliminates the need for binary-to-Gray code...

In recent decades the design of nonlinear circuits, which are capable of generating chaotic oscillations from audio frequencies up to the optical band, is a great challenge due to their use as sources of chaotic carriers in a variety of applications. Therefore, this chapter is dedicated to this class...

Descriptors are one of the most essential components of predictive Quantitative Structure-Activity/Property/Toxicity Relationship (QSAR/QSPR/QSTR) modeling analysis, as they encode chemical information of molecules in the form of quantitative numbers, which are used to develop mathematical correlation...

Multivariate Image Analysis applied in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (MIA-QSAR) is a simple method to achieve, at least in a variety of examples, QSAR models with predictive abilities comparable to those of sophisticated tridimensional methodologies. MIA-QSAR is based on the correlation...

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models have manifold applications in drug discovery, environmental fate modeling, risk assessment, and property prediction of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. One of the principles recommended by the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development...

Antimicrobial drug resistance occurs when bacteria undergo certain modifications to eliminate the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents designed to cure infections. To date, the burden of resistance has remained one of the major clinical concerns as it renders prolonged and complicated...

Although almost fully automated, the discovery of novel, effective, and safe drugs is still a long-term and highly expensive process. Consequently, the need for fleet, rational, and cost-efficient development of novel drugs is crucial, and nowadays the advanced in silico drug design methodologies seem...

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurological syndrome with the combination of aging, genetic, and environmental factors triggering the pathological decline. Interestingly, the importance of the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme has increased due to its involvement in the ß-amyloid...

In this chapter, the application of computational techniques in environmental exposure assessment was described. The most important groups of these techniques are Multimedia Mass-balance (MM) modelling and Quantitative Structure-Activity/Structure-Property Relationships (QSAR/QSPR) modelling....

Nanotechnology is a newly emerging field, posing substantial impacts on society, economy, and the environment. In recent years, the development of nanotechnology has led to the design and large-scale production of many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications. However, along with the...

In this chapter, the methodology of building up quantitative structure—property/activity relationships (QSPRs/QSARs)—by means of the CORAL software is described. The Monte Carlo method is the basis of this approach. Simplified Molecular Input-Line Entry System (SMILES) is used as the representation of...

In this chapter, the authors discuss about principles of DC generator, variation of voltage induced in the conductor with the position of conductor. After that the authors discuss frequency of induced voltage, magnitude of induced voltage. This chapter ends with discussion of the main parts and...

In Direct Current machines, we have two types of windings. The first one is field winding and the second one is armature winding. Armature field, and armature reaction is about armature winding. In this chapter, we discuss the issue of armature field, Geometrical and magnetic neutral axis (G.NA &...

There are numerous advantages of parallel operation of generators. In this chapter, the authors provide a detailed overview about advantages of parallel operation, voltage and current relations for sources of emf in parallel. Then they discuss parallel operation of shunt generators, conditions for...

This chapter deals with the core of direct current machines. In this chapter, the authors present a very detailed insight about the principle of operation of DC motor. They Discuss torque generated from motors. Then they discuss counter emf or back emf. Speed of rotation is then discussed. They then...

In this chapter, the authors discuss the DC servo motor. They first described the basic definition of DC servo motor and how it is different from other types of motors. Then they discuss armature controlled DC servo motor, and field controlled servo motor. Modelling of DC servo motor is then discussed....

A stepper motor is a digital device which is like a computer that runs on pulses. It can be directly connected with digital computer unlike D.C. motor for which A/D or D/A converters are needed. In fact, stepper motor is an electric motor which moves or rotates in series of small discrete steps. A...