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According to United Nations projections, by 2050 almost 70% of the population will live in cities (Cohen, 2006; Van & Marston, 2021). Moreover, these cities suffer from congestion, road accidents, high travel times, and air pollution (Monios & Bergqvist, 2020). These urban mobility problems are common in both developed and developing countries. But in developing countries, the situation is alarming, simply because of the lack of quality transport infrastructure, the lack of application of new technologies to the transport system, and the impact of the mix of transport modes (Mfenjou et al., 2018; Abdel et al., 2020). City managers sometimes develop strategies such as building new roads, especially inexpensive paved roads, which do not have a positive impact on improving road safety. The use of new technologies for decision support is almost non-existent. The actions undertaken do not provide sustainable solutions and the requirements of users in urban areas are not met.
The authors (Ngossaha et al., 2020) contributed significantly to sustainable urban mobility to preserve the environment for future generations in the context of developing countries. For the authors, the new mobility should enable the reduction of air pollution, collaboration between actors and integration of mobility services. Thus, the new paradigms consider mobility as a service (MaaS) and envisage the application of artificial intelligence algorithms, connected objects and Big Data (Mishra, 2021). However, developing countries need a decision-making framework to manage the interactions in the mobility system which is now seen as a system of systems. Coupling the urban mobility system with the cyber-physical system (CPS) paradigm can help to reduce collisions, avoid traffic jams, control traffic lights intelligently, ensure a more efficient multimodality, and find a last mile solution and a sustainable solution. To this end, CPS technology combines communication, control and data processing due to the advent of the Internet of Things and advanced technologies, such as 5G, cloud computing, machine learning, Big data and data processing. Nowadays, CPS technology has strongly integrated the field of transport, in which research works present new solutions for intelligent and safe mobility, such as the Cyber-Physical bike, Vehicular Cyber-Physical and even Traffic control based Cyber- physical system. This same CPS technology has also interested many researchers in various other fields, from healthcare, manufacturing, sports, human-machine interface, agriculture and more (Gupta et al., 2022). CPS is a suitable solution for integrated and sustainable urban mobility system (Pundir et al., 2022).
Integrated urban mobility is an important factor in the socio-economic development of cities and also an effective solution to reduce road safety problems (Al-Thani et al., 2022). The integrated urban mobility system refers to the integration of components like information systems urbanization, optimization of existing road network, decision making coordination, motorized transport (vehicle technology), non-motorized transport (bicycle paths and walking abilities), transport demand management (parking, car sharing) and cloud computing for interoperability. For this purpose, mobility data is collected by sensors and roadside unit installed on the road network and stored in urban Big Data (Dogan & Gurcan, 2022). The permanent analysis of Big data will make it possible to anticipate the consequences of interactions on the road (Nandhini & Ramanathan, 2022), and to challenge stakeholders in real time such as pedestrians, drivers, firefighters, the road police, hospital, and public services in charge of road transport.