Anthropology in Socio-Intercultural Organizations

Introduction

The organizations are micro-societies or social spaces where the actions of agents and actors represent the reality. Formation processes of organizations as living entities are considered in the professional field in which partners, workers, owners, and customers are interrelated to provide the foundations that enables the analysis of the integral organizational systems processes. Organizations are consciously structured to create a system and formed by elements concentrated on diverse needs, according to the organizational objectives and goals, the fulfillment of tasks and activities.

Recent organizational anthropology analyzes categories and methods of social groups which contribute to analyze organizations and entrepreneurs that contribute to enrich the anthropological perspective of organizations. Anthropology has studied and describes the phenomenon of leadership in primitive societies, the activities of leaders, qualities, traits and personality attributes required to carry out socio-political activities. Personal interaction with society and tolerance enhances the anthropological value which leads to mutual interactions with non-unified socio-interculture environment leading to organizational socio-interculture.

Therefore, the environment and organizational climate are interrelated variables in organizational anthropology. Organizational socio-interculture regulates the relationships between people and socioecological systems in organizations becoming the basis of organizational anthropology analysis.

In other matters, to define anthropology as a science is a complex solution linked to demarcation problem fundamental in philosophy of science requiring evidence. Organizational anthropology is capable of postulating scientific theories by an induction problem to develop theories (Morales, 2020). Organizational theory can formulate laws and theories with predictive models. Organizational anthropology predicts phenomena to forecast the initial conditions of events and anticipate future occurrence (Barrett & Stanford, 2006). The concept of regularity in organizational anthropology is part of a discipline as the material substratum of the scientific law (Diener et al., 1980).

However, few academics claim the not scientific nature of anthropology superseded by the notion that science as a modo of enquire is obsolete. The epistemological myths stating that anthropology is not a science, are related to the knot use of quantitative methods and techniques, does not apply formal methods, use experimental designs, postulate theories, predict the phenomena, formulate laws, and interact with other sciences.

Organizational anthropology develops scientific theories supported by functionalism and structuralism such as for example the information goods theory use to analyze the psychological adaptations from socio-intercultural learning (Henrich & Gil-White, 2001); the costly signal theory (Sosis, 2003) used to examine the religious beliefs that decrease the costs of intragroup cooperation in ritual practices (Salali et al., 2015) explaining the emergence and evolution small human groups to form large groups. The socio-intercultural group selection theory analyzes cooperation between non-related individuals emerging into complex human societies (Richerson et al., 2016).

The etymological concept of anthropology is made up of the Greek words ἄνθρωπος which means a person, and logos of concept, a doctrine, a word, and reason, which was first used by Aristotle. Evolutionary anthropology studies the evolution of the human being complemented by other specialties in anthropological sciences, such as economic anthropology, political anthropology, gender anthropology, psychological anthropology genetic anthropology, cognitive anthropology, religious anthropology, music anthropology, urban anthropology, design anthropology, neuropathology, and criminal anthropology, etc.

On the other hand, social anthropology studies the social relationships and structures. Some other anthropology specialties are the cognitive anthropology (Kronenfeld et al., 2011), biological anthropology (Larsen, 2010) and evolutionary anthropology (Henrich, 2016). Besides, anthropology studies various phenomena including espionage as observing in coexistence a human group (Price, 2000).