The objective of this work was to microscopically and macroscopically interpret entropy within the framework of quantum mechanics: quantum computer, Coulomb crystal, chaos, and cosmology. Indeed, in quantum physics, the concept of information is the very basis of the minimal interpretation of the concept of state vector as a contextual prediction tool. The Coulomb crystal is the basic element for the development of a quantum computer. For example, the Coulomb crystal represents the basic element of high precision clocks, provides a favorable environment for the detailed study of chemical reactions, and constitutes an original technology for the development of a quantum computer. In addition, the combination of chaos with the recent definition of entropy allows us to understand very small systems at the atomic and quantum microscopic level, as well as very large systems at the macroscopic level of galaxies and black holes.
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Historically, the concept of entropy has been discussed from different viewpoints since 1870 (Ribeiro et al., 2021). It gives an idea about the evolution and reversibility of microscopic and macroscopic systems (Arias-Gonzalez, 2021). In the literature, the second law is controversially expressed in different ways (Jarzynski, 2011; Shahsavar et al., 2021). According to Clausius hypothesis ‘heat does not spontaneously transfer from a cold body to a hot body’; while the quantum correlations may be used to prove this reversed heat flow (Micadei et al., 2019). On the other hand, Thomson's statement argues that ‘A system in contact with a single source of heat can, in the course of a cycle, only receive work and supply heat’. These rules essentially define a kind of irreversibility; i.e., there is a state function generally called entropy S, which can only be increased in a closed system. At the macroscopic level, the second law allows us to calculate the equation of state based on the requirement that entropy must be maximized under a given wide range of variables in order to obtain the thermodynamic potential as a function of them (Tovbin, 2021; Valente, 2021; te Vrugt, 2021). At the microscopic level, irreversibility conflicts with the well-known reversibility of all the fundamental laws of physics (Strasberg & Winter, 2021; Melkikh, 2021).
Recently, the meaning of information is a pivotal concept in the modern physics (Tributsch et al., 2021). Certain physicists even interpreted the thermodynamic term of entropy of information loss in the framework of quantum mechanics like a measurement of the microscopic state of the system (Seshadr et al., 2021). This novel interpretation has led to new finding in the field of computer sciences (Ulyanov, 2021; Frank & Shukla, 2021), biology (Sarkar et al., 2021), cosmology (Tu et al., 2021; Weinstein et al., 2021; Jalalzadeh et al., 2021) and environmental sciences (Rapf & Kranert, 2021). Additionally, the second law of thermodynamics would only model « the process of information loss » correlating with the evolution of a system towards its equilibrium state. Recently, a sort of constructive skepticism regarding the explanatory value of the main informationalist trends in statistical thermophysics has been adopted (Anta, 2021a). More generally, informational interpretations of physics, or even attempts to reconstruct physics from an informational point of view, are in a constant development (Javier, 2021; Anta, 2021b). As it has been shown by some recent studies dealing with quantum information, they were proven to be promising (Wang et al., 2021). The concept of statistical information allowed the development of a coherent interpretation of thermodynamics by providing justification for the definition of thermodynamic entropy introduced by Boltzmann and Gibbs in statistical mechanics (Xu, 2021; Rajan, 2021).