Socio-Intercultural Anthropology

Introduction

Organizations are micro-societies or social spaces where the actions of agents and actors represent reality. Formation processes of organizations as living entities are considered in the professional field in which partners, workers, owners, and customers are interrelated to provide the foundation that enables the analysis of the integral organizational systems processes. Organizations are consciously structured to create a system and formed by elements concentrated on diverse needs, according to the organizational objectives and goals, and the fulfilment of tasks and activities.

Recent organizational anthropology analyzes categories and methods of social groups which contribute to scrutinising organizations and entrepreneurs that contribute and enrich the anthropological perspective of organizations. Anthropologists have studied and described the phenomenon of leadership in primitive societies, the activities of leaders, qualities, traits and personality attributes required to carry out socio-political activities. Personal interaction with society and tolerance enhances the anthropological value which leads to mutual interactions with a non-unified socio-intercultural environment leading to organizational socio-intercultural.

Therefore, the environment and organizational climate are interrelated variables in organizational anthropology. Organizational socio-intercultural regulates the relationships between people and socioecological systems in organizations becoming the basis of organizational anthropology analysis.

Furthermore, to define anthropology as a science is a complex solution linked to demarcation problems fundamental in the philosophy of science requiring evidence. Organizational anthropology is capable of postulating scientific theories by an induction problem to develop theories (Morales, 2020). Organizational theory can formulate laws and theories with predictive models. Organizational anthropology predicts phenomena to forecast the initial conditions of events and anticipate future occurrences (Barrett & Stanford, 2006). The concept of regularity in organizational anthropology is part of a discipline as the material bedrock of scientific law (Diener et al., 1980).

However, few academics claim the not-scientific nature of anthropology superseded by the notion that science as a mode of inquiry is obsolete. The epistemological myths stating that anthropology is not a science are related to the knot use of quantitative methods and techniques does not apply formal methods, the use of experimental designs, postulation theories, prediction the phenomena, formulation laws, and interaction with other sciences.

Organizational anthropology develops scientific theories supported by functionalism and structuralism, such example is the information goods theory use to analyze the psychological adaptations from socio-intercultural learning (Henrich & Gil-White, 2001); the costly signal theory (Sosis, 2003) used to examine the religious beliefs that decrease the costs of intragroup cooperation in ritual practices (Salali et al., 2015) clarified the emergence and evolution small human groups to form large groups. The socio-intercultural group selection theory analyzes cooperation between non-related individuals emerging into complex human societies (Richerson et al., 2016).

The etymological concept of anthropology is made up of the Greek words ‘ἄνθρωπος’ which means a person, and logos of concept, a doctrine, a word, and reason, which was first used by Aristotle. Evolutionary anthropology studies the evolution of the human being complemented by other specialities in anthropological sciences, such as economic anthropology, political anthropology, gender anthropology, psychological anthropology genetic anthropology, cognitive anthropology, religious anthropology, music anthropology, urban anthropology, design anthropology, neuropathology, and criminal anthropology, etc.

On the other hand, social anthropology studies social relationships and structures. Some other anthropology specialities are cognitive anthropology (Kronenfeld et al., 2011), biological anthropology (Larsen, 2010), and evolutionary anthropology (Henrich, 2016). Besides, anthropology studies various phenomena including espionage as observing the coexistence of a human group (Price, 2000).