What is Construction 4.0

In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, machine –learning based applications, such as 3D Printing, computer vision and robotics, are envisaged to digitize construction. This chapter introduces the reader to the basics of AI and focuses on the role of machine learning in the development of technological applications aimed at the improvement of the construction industry's efficiency and sustainability. It reviews the potential benefits of these applications and identifies factors like e.g. high costs, skills gap, dynamic and risky working environment that typically keep them at a very low practical usage in construction. Furthermore, a bibliometric search reveals that, despite its key role in the digitization vision, machine learning is rarely acknowledged in the relevant ‘Construction 4.0' literature. The chapter also identifies the cybersecurity issues emerging from machine learning applications' use and discusses mitigation strategies and technologies aimed at minimizing the impact of threats.