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Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications

Mario Freire (University of Beira Interior, Portugal) and Manuela Pereira (University of Beira Interior, Portugal)
Release Date: October, 2007. Copyright © 2008. 750 pages.
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DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9, ISBN13: 9781591409939, ISBN10: 1591409934, EISBN13: 9781591409946
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MLA

Freire, Mario and Manuela Pereira. "Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications." IGI Global, 2008. 1-750. Web. 23 May. 2013. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

APA

Freire, M., & Pereira, M. (2008). Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications (pp. 1-750). doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

Chicago

Freire, Mario and Manuela Pereira. "Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications." 1-750 (2008), accessed May 23, 2013. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

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Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications
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Description

The Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications discusses the extraordinary importance of Internet technologies, with a particular focus on the Web. Through 100 authoritative contributions by 181 of the world's leading experts the Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications includes comprehensive research on Web services, Semantic Web, and Web-based e-activities, among others.

This reference tool is the single source for information on the world's greatest network, and provides a wealth of information for the average Internet consumer, as well as for an expert in the field of networking and Internet technologies. This comprehensive reference provides libraries with the most thorough examination of Internet technologies and applications—an essential resource in supporting the information needs of researchers in a variety of related fields.

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Table of Contents and List of Contributors

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1.
Michele Mara de Araújo Espíndula Lima (Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil), Nelson Luís Saldanha da Fonseca (State University of Campinas, Brazil)
Although powerful and necessary to prevent network collapse, the congestion control mechanism of the TCP is not sufficient to avoid congestion. Since TCP sources exe... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
2.
Abdelhamid Mellouk (LISSI/SCTIC, University of Paris XII – Val de Marne, France)
Networks, such as the Internet, have become the most important communication infrastructure of today’s society. It enables the worldwide users (individual, group, an... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
3.
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
In this article, we concentrate on the architecture of an adaptive real time application that has the capability to transmit multimedia data over heterogeneous netwo... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
4.
Pankaj Kamthan (Concordia University, Canada)
The Internet, particularly the Web, has opened new vistas for businesses. The ability that anyone, using (virtually) any device could be reached anytime and anywhere... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
5.
ADSL2+ Technology (pages 29-35)
D. Kagklis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece), S. Androulidakis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece), G. Patikis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece), T. Doukoglou (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece)
This chapter presents and evaluates the ADSL2+ technology with respect to its physical layer performance, which provides the foundation for supporting high-quality r... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
6.
Elisa Bertino (Purdue University, USA), Elena Ferrari (Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Italy), Andrea Perego (Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Italy), Gian Piero Zarri (Université Paris IV, Fra)
In this chapter, besides discussing the current strategies for Web content filtering, outlining their advantages and drawbacks, we present an approach, formerly deve... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
7.
Larbi Esmahi (Athabasca University, Canada), Ylber Ramadani (Athabasca University, Canada)
Web services have become a significant technology in the evolution of the Web and distributed computing. Web services represent a set of related standards that allow... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
8.
Andrea Bosin (Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy), Nicoletta Dessì (Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy), Maria Grazia Fugini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy), Diego Liberati (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy), Barbara Pes (Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy)
Scientific experiments are supported by activities that create, use, communicate and distribute information and whose organizational dynamics is similar to processes... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
9.
Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest), David Tegze (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest)
This chapter presents various congestion control schemes for transport protocols together with a number of metrics for the evaluation of these protocols with special... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
10.
Autonomic Computing (pages 66-71)
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Maurice Mulvenna (University of Ulster, Ireland), Chris Nugent (University of Ulster, Ireland), Matthias Baumgarten (University of Ulster, Ireland)
Modern networks offer end-to-end connectivity however; the increasing amount of traditional offered services may still not fulfill the requirements of ever demanding... Sample PDF | More details...
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11.
Autonomic Networking (pages 72-78)
Pantelis N. Karamolegkos (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece), Charalampos Patrikakis (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece), Emmanuel Protonotarios (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece)
The term “autonomic networking” refers to a recently emerged communications paradigm, that uses distributed techniques (swarm intelligence based methods) and distrib... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
12.
Mark Burgess (Oslo University College, Norway)
Cfengine is a policy-based configuration management system (Burgess 1995). Its pri-mary function is to provide automated configuration and maintenance of computers,... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
13.
Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest), Raymond Pardede (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest)
This chapter reviews the most important fact of the application-level multicast (ALM) and then describes a novel concept of modeling relative density of members call... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
14.
Wong Kok Seng (Multimedia University, Malaysia), Sellappan Palaniappan (Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia), Nor Adnan Yahaya (Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia)
In today’s Information and Communication Technology (ICT) era, the need for real-time collaboration over the Internet is increasing. Due to ongoing corporate globali... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
15.
Kyeongja Lee (Ecole Centrale de Lille, France), Armand Toguyeni (Ecole Centrale de Lille, France), Ahmed Rahmani (Ecole Centrale de Lille, France)
Congestion is derived from insufficient network resources and unbalanced traffic distribution. To treat today’s greedy applications, adding more bandwidth to network... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
16.
Miguel Rodríguez Pérez (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Cándidol López-García (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Sergio Herrería-Alonso (Universidade de Vigo, Spain)
Multicast is a transmission service that simultaneously delivers packets from a sender to a group of receivers. The set of receivers form a multicast group logically... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
17.
Kyungbaek Kim (University of California, Irvine, USA), Byungjip Kim (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea), Daeyeon Park (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)
In recent years, the technologies of the network and the computer have developed enormously and the diverse devices such as PDAs, mobile phones, TVs and etc which ar... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
18.
Huaqun Guo (Institute for Infocomm Research and National Univerity of Singapore, Singapore), Daqing Zhang (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore), Lek-Heng Ngoh (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Song Zheng (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore), Wai-Choong Wong (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
The decreasing cost of networking technology and network-enabled devices is driving the large scale deployment of such networks and devices so as to offer many new a... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
19.
Vitor Santos (Microsoft, Portugal), Henrique São Mamede (Universidade Aberta, Portugal)
In this context, the hypothesis to appeal to the capacity of computer systems, based in knowledge or in adaptations of creativity techniques in order to help to prod... Sample PDF | More details...
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20.
Tony C. Shan (Bank of America, USA), Winnie W. Hua (CTS Inc., USA)
Nowadays, the eCommerce business models demand increasingly higher performance of information systems that support various business processes. Higher levels of servi... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
21.
Hadrian Peter (University of the West Indies, Barbados), Charles Greenidge (University of the West Indies, Barbados)
Traditionally a great deal of research has been devoted to data extraction on the web (Crescenzi, et al, 2001; Embley, et al, 2005; Laender, et al, 2002; Hammer, et... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
22.
Sergio Herrería-Alonso (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Manuel Fernández Veiga (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Andrés Suárez González (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Miguel Rodríguez Pérez (Universidade de Vigo, Spain), Cándido López-García (Universidade de Vigo, Spain)
IP networks only offer best-effort service to all kinds of traffic. This means that IP tries to deliver each packet as quickly as possible, but makes no service guar... Sample PDF | More details...
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23.
Mihály Orosz (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest), Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest), Ferenc Kovács (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest)
Despite the efficiency of the IP-multicast it has not been deployed in the whole Internet. The main reason is that the wide-area multicasting among the different aut... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
24.
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Eri Giannaka (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Thrasyvoulos Tsiatsos (Aristoleian University of Thessaloniki and Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece)
E-Collaboration is an important research topic, with a great number of researchers contributing on many aspects. The main reason for this major research activity is... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
25.
Kyungbaek Kim (University of California, Irvine, USA), Daeyeon Park (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)
The recent increase in popularity of the Web has led to a considerable increase in the amount of Internet traffic. As a result, the Web has now become one of the pri... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
26.
E-Learning (pages 179-184)
Gregory R. Gay (University of Toronto, Canada), Paola Salomoni (University of Bologna, Italy), Silvia Mirri (University of Bologna, Italy)
The evolution of an Information Society has transformed many activities in our everyday lives, including how we work, communicate, entertain, teach and learn. More r... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
27.
Lampros Raptis (National Technical University of Athens, Greece), D. Kagklis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece), Yiorgos Patikis (Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece)
Ethernet has become the predominant technology in the Local Area Networks (LANs) due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. It has been evolved over the past year... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
28.
Kin Cheong Chu (Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Tsing Yi), Hong Kong)
There are several different ways to connect to the remote controller, each being adapted to specific situations, such as location and availability of communications... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
29.
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Peter Breslin (University of Ulster, Ireland), Kevin McLaughlin (University of Ulster, Ireland), Gary Tracey (University of Ulster, Ireland)
"Access" is defined in Section 2(1)(a) of the Information Technology Act as "gaining entry into, instructing or communicating with the logical, arithmetical, or memo... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
30.
Wen-Chen Hu (University of North Dakota, USA), Lixin Fu (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA), Hung-Jen Yang (National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan), Sheng-Chien Lee (University of Florida, USA)
It is widely acknowledged that mobile commerce is a field of enormous potential. However, it is also commonly admitted that the development in this field is constrai... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
31.
Udo Averweg (Information Services, eThekwini Municipality & University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), Geoff Erwin (Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa), Don Petkov (Eastern Connecticut State University, USA)
Internet portals may be seen as Web sites which provide the gateway to corporate information from a single point of access. Leveraging knowledge—both internal and ex... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
32.
Alexandra George (University of London, UK)
‘Intellectual property’ (or ‘IP’) is an umbrella term that is used as shorthand to describe a variety of diverse doctrines that create legally-enforceable monopolies... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
33.
Internet Gambling (pages 228-234)
Mark Griffiths (Nottingham Trent University, UK), Adrian Parke (Nottingham Trent University, UK)
Technology has always played a role in the development of gambling practices and continues to provide new market opportunities. One of the fastest growing areas is t... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
34.
Internet Measurements (pages 235-241)
Artur Ziviani (National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Brazil)
In the mid 90’s, the Internet has started its metamorphosis from a tool restricted to the scientific community into a crucial component of the modern information soc... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
35.
IP Multicasting (pages 242-248)
Robert R. Chodorek (The AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)
The origins of IP multicasting go back to 1986. However, multicasting in its current form was introduced only in 1989. During 20 years of IP multicasting, the servic... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
36.
Muhammad Sher (Technical University of Berlin, Germany), Fabricio Carvalho de Gouveia (Technical University of Berlin, Germany), Thomas Magedanz (Technical University of Berlin, Germany)
Today the traditional telecommunication technology is declining because of popularity and increasing demand of Voice over IP (VoIP) due to the reason that deployment... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
37.
The IPv6 Protocol (pages 257-268)
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece9/9/2008 Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
This article provides a description of the IPv6 protocol. It briefly covers the reasons that make IPv6 a necessary upgrade, describes the most important methods for... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
38.
Rachel Babiarz (France Telecom R&D Division, France), Jean-Sebastien Bedo (France Telecom R&D Division, France)
Traffic modelling has always been the prior to numerous network engineering tasks like network planning or bandwidth yield management. It is still a huge research do... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
39.
Tony C. Shan (Bank of America, USA), Winnie W. Hua (CTS Inc., USA)
In the information systems environment, a framework is a well-defined structural and behavioral model in which applications can be organized and developed. A framewo... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
40.
Gábor Richly (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest), Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest), Ferenc Kovács (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest)
This chapter presents a novel approach to search in shared audio file storages, such as P2P-based systems. The proposed method is based on the recognition of specifi... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
41.
Malicious Software (pages 284-290)
Thomas M. Chen (Southern Methodist University, USA), Gregg W. Tally (SPARTA, Inc., USA)
Malicious software (malware) allows an intruder to take over or damage a target host without the owner’s consent and often without his or her knowledge. Over the pas... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
42.
Mobility Protocols (pages 291-298)
Sherali Zeadally (University of the District of Columbia, USA), Farhan Siddiqui (Wayne State University, USA)
In recent years; we have witnessed a tremendous growth of wireless networks as well as the emergence of various kinds of devices (Personal Digital Assistants; handhe... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
43.
Karim El Guemhioui (University of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada)
The information technology (IT) industry has been moving so fast that companies implementing complex distributed software solutions hardly complete a system deployme... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
44.
Antóniol Nogueira (University of Aveiro/Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal), Paulo Salvador (University of Aveiro/Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal), Rui Valadas (University of Aveiro/Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal), António Pacheco (Instituto Superior Técnico – UTL, Portugal)
This article addresses the use of Markovian models, based on discrete time MMPPs (dMMPPs), for modeling IP traffic. In order to describe the packet arrival process,... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
45.
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
The heterogeneous network environment that Internet provides to real time applications as well as the lack of sufficient QoS (Quality of Service) guarantees, many ti... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
46.
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland)
Mobile communications is a continually growing sector in industry and a wide variety of visual services such as video-on-demand have been created which are limited b... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
47.
Nicola Scalabrino (CREATE-NET and Italian National Research Council (CNR) – IIT, Italy), Daniele Miorandi (CREATE-NET, Italy), Enrico Gregori (Italian National Research Council (CNR) – IIT, Italy), Imrich Chlamtac (CREATE-NET, Italy)
The market for conventional first mile solutions (e.g., cable, fiber etc.) presents indeed high entrance barriers, and it is thus difficult for new operators to make... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
48.
Yezid Donoso (Universidad del Norte, Colombia), Ramón Fabregat (Girona University, Spain)
To support QoS in today’s Internet, several new architecture models have been proposed (Striegel, A., & Manimaran, G. (2002)). Traffic engineering has become a key i... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
49.
Hongsik Choi (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), Seung S. Yang (Virginia State University, USA)
Survivability is the ability of the network to withstand faults and attacks including equipment and link failures. The main goal of survivable network is to be able... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
50.
Gábor Hosszú (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest), Zoltán Czirkos (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest)
As an example of the application for non-conventional purposes a security system is presented in the article that utilizes just the network for protecting the operat... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
51.
K. Daniel Wong (Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia), Ashutosh Dutta (Telcordia Technologies, USA)
The Internet is in some ways like the proverbial massive software project whose requirements keep changing, and which is never completed. When the Internet protocols... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
52.
Madjid Merabti (Liverpool John Moores University, UK), Paul Fergus (Liverpool John Moores University, UK), Omar Abuelma’atti (Liverpool John Moores University, UK)
The Internet has revolutionised the way we access and disseminate information and changed the way we communicate with each other. More and more homes are Internet-en... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
53.
Optical Burst Switching (pages 375-382)
Kyriakos Vlachos (University of Patras, Greece)
Switching in core optical networks is currently being performed using high-speed electronic or all-optical circuit switches. Switching with high-speed electronics re... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
54.
N. S.C. Correia (University of Algarve, Portugal), M. C.R. Medeiros (University of Algarve, Portugal)
The telecommunications world is evolving dramatically toward challenging scenarios where the fast and efficient transportation of information is becoming a key eleme... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
55.
Huaqun Guo (Institute for Infocomm Research and National University of Singapore, Singapore), Lek-Heng Ngoh (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Wai-Choong Wong (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
In the age of multimedia and high-speed networks, there are many applications that involve sending information to a selective, usually large, number of clients. Comm... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
56.
Sherali Zeadally (University of the District of Columbia, USA), Farhan Siddiqui (Wayne State University, USA)
In mobile computing environments; the goal is to provide continuous connectivity as a mobile host moves from one network to another – often referred to as terminal m... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
57.
Shi Zhou (University College London, UK)
This chapter introduces a recently proposed Internet model, namely the positive-feedback preference (PFP) model (Zhou & Mondragón, 2004a). The model is a precise and... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
58.
Stefanos Gritzalis (University of the Aegean, Greece), Costas Lambrinoudakis (University of the Aegean, Greece)
Recent years have witnessed a significant evolution in the way information and communication systems are utilized, transforming modern communities into modern inform... Sample PDF | More details...
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59.
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
In order for advanced applications in modern computer networks to function satisfactorily, there is often the need for a guaranteed network performance and guarantee... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
60.
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
IP networks are built around the idea of best effort networking, which makes no guarantees regarding the delivery, speed, and accuracy of the transmitted data. While... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
61.
Wayne Goodridge (Barbados Community College, Barbados), Hadrian Peter (University of the West Indies, Barbados), William Robertson (Dalhousie University, Canada)
The pervasive use of the Internet, the world’s most extensive public communication system, for services ranging from academic research and e-mail to electronic comme... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
62.
Winston K.G. Seah (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore), Hwee-Xian Tan (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) form a class of multi-hop wireless networks that can easily be deployed on-the-fly. These are autonomous systems that do not require... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
63.
Marília Curado (CISUC/DEI, Portugal)
Traditionally, Internet routing is achieved through shortest path protocols that base their decision on the number of hops or administrative metrics. The path comput... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
64.
Charalampos Patrikakis (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece), P. Fafali (NTUA, Greece), Pantelis N. Karamolegkos (Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece), Y. Despotopoulos (NTUA, Greece), N. Minogiannis (NTUA, Greece)
During the last decade, multimedia streaming has experienced explosive growth. Adaptive video has become a necessity for meeting stringent QoS requirements in non-gu... Sample PDF | More details...
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65.
Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Apostolos Gkamas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitris Primpas (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Kostas Stamos (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
Real-time protocols cover specific needs by applications with real-time characteristics. Real-time applications, such as voice over IP (VoIP), videoconferencing appl... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
66.
Shi Zhou (University College London, UK)
This chapter introduces a recently discovered structure of the Internet, namely the rich-club phenomenon (Zhou & Mondragón, 2004a). The significance of this discover... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
67.
Rui Prior (Institute of Telecommunications – University of Porto, Portugal), Susana Sargento (Institute of Telecommunications – University of Porto, Portugal)
Having its roots in the military ARPANET, conceived as a data transport network with a focus on resilience, the Internet supports only a best-effort service model, w... Sample PDF | More details...
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68.
David Rincón (Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain), Sebastià Sallent (Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain)
The availability of good stochastic models of network traffic is the key to developing protocols and services. A precise statistical characterization of packet inter... Sample PDF | More details...
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69.
Tonghong Li (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are becoming popular due to the abundance of mobile devices, the speed and the convenience of deployment, and the independence of net... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
70.
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Elaine Smyth (University of Ulster, Ireland)
On the surface, WLANs act the same as their wired counterparts, transporting data between network devices. However, there is one fundamental, and quite significant,... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
71.
The Semantic Web (pages 505-511)
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Gary Gumbleton (University of Ulster, Ireland)
Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), states that, “The Semantic Web is not a separate Web but an extension of the current one, in which... Sample PDF | More details...
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72.
Livia Predoiu (University of Mannheim, Germany), Anna V. Zhdanova (University of Surrey, UK)
On the current World Wide Web, most of the information is stored syntactically, i.e., only as data. The information that lies within the data can only be understood... Sample PDF | More details...
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73.
Dumitru Roman (DERI Innsbruck, Austria), Ioan Toma (DERI Innsbruck, Austria), Dieter Fensel (DERI Innsbruck, Austria)
Service-oriented computing (SOC) is the new emerging paradigm for distributed computing, especially in the area of e-business and e-work processing, that has evolved... Sample PDF | More details...
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74.
Adetola Oredope (University of Essex, UK), Antonio Liotta (University of Essex, UK)
The IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) specifies a service centric framework for converged, all-IP networks. This promises to provide the long awaited environment for dep... Sample PDF | More details...
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75.
Ilija Basicevic (Faculty of Technology Sciences, Novisad, Serbia), Miroslav Popovic (Faculty of Technology Sciences, Novisad, Serbia)
With the appearance of the Internet as an important communications medium for widespread everyday use, which can be dated to the mid 90s, a need to establish a signa... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
76.
Sylvia Encheva (Stord-Haugesund University College, Norway), Sharil Tumin (University of Bergen, Norway)
Role-based access control (RBAC) is a security mechanism that can lower the cost and complexity of security administration for large networked applications. RBAC sim... Sample PDF | More details...
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77.
Milica Stojmenovic (Carleton University, Canada)
This article studies social networks on the Internet created by popular applications such as e-mails, Web, chat, file sharing via peer-to-peer interaction, and onlin... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
78.
Chia-Chu Chiang (University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA)
Software maintenance is an inevitable process due to program evolution (Lehman & Belady, 1985). Adaptive maintenance (Schenidewind, 1987) is an activity used to adap... Sample PDF | More details...
$37.50
79.
The Speech-Enabled Web (pages 558-567)
L. E. Moser (University of California, Santa Barbara, USA), P. M. Melliar-Smith (University of California, Santa Barbara, USA)
Speech recognition and synthesis technology has advanced to the point where the use of voice input and output is now feasible for Web-based applications over the Int... Sample PDF | More details...
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80.
Sergio Gutiérrez (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain), Abelardo Pardo (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain), Carlos Delgado Kloos (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)
E-learning has evolved very rapidly in recent years, from a first stage in which a set of documents were simply made available to the students in an electronic platf... Sample PDF | More details...
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81.
Farhan Siddiqui (Wayne State University, USA), Sherali Zeadally (University of the District of Columbia, USA)
The proliferation of wired and wireless technologies has given rise to the possibility of multi-access options for mobile, multi-homed hosts. Enabling multi-access t... Sample PDF | More details...
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82.
Jairo A. Gutiérrez (University of Auckland, New Zealand)
One of the keys for the success of ubiquitous network services is the issue of assigning prices to those services. Furthermore, ubiquitous services based on a networ... Sample PDF | More details...
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83.
M. C.R. Medeiros (University of Algarve, Portugal), N. S.C. Correia (University of Algarve, Portugal)
Internet protocol (IP) over optical (IP-over-optical) networks is the widely accepted solution to meet the ever increasing demands of IP traffic. In an IP-over-optic... Sample PDF | More details...
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84.
Sergio Gutiérrez (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain), Abelardo Pardo (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain), Carlos Delgado Kloos (University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain)
A swarm may be defined as a population of interacting elements that is able to optimize some global objective through collaborative search of a space (Kennedy, 2001)... Sample PDF | More details...
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85.
Kuen Park (Korea University, South Korea), Heejo Lee (Korea University, South Korea)
People enjoy playing games for simple pleasure. Recently, since the emergence and advance of the computer technologies, especially in terms of graphic and networking... Sample PDF | More details...
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86.
Agnieszka Chodorek (Kielce University of Technology, Poland)
One of the most popular transport protocols—Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)—has a long history. The first document describing TCP protocol in early stages was pu... Sample PDF | More details...
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87.
Bhaskar Sardar (Jadavpur University, India), Debashis Saha (Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Calcutta, India)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the most popular transport layer communication protocol for the Internet, was originally designed for wired networks, where bit... Sample PDF | More details...
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88.
Nelson Luís Saldanha da Fonseca (State University of Campinas, Brazil), Neila Fernanda Michel (State University of Campinas, Brazil)
In response to a series of collapses due to congestion on the Internet in the mid-’80s, congestion control was added to the transmission control protocol (TCP) (Jaco... Sample PDF | More details...
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89.
Stamatis Karnouskos (SAP Research, Germany)
As we move towards service-oriented complex infrastructures, what is needed, security, robustness, and intelligence distributed within the network. Modern systems ar... Sample PDF | More details...
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90.
Pankaj Kamthan (Concordia University, Canada)
The last decade has seen remarkable changes in the way Web applications are developed and the services that are expected from them. The desire to control and manage... Sample PDF | More details...
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91.
Traffic Control (pages 647-652)
Thomas M. Chen (Southern Methodist University, USA)
Networks are designed to handle a certain amount of traffic with an acceptable level of network performance. Network performance will deteriorate if the offered traf... Sample PDF | More details...
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92.
Viet Hung Nguyen (Institut National des Télécommunications, France), Tülin Atmaca (Institut National des Télécommunications, France)
Today’s telecommunication world is seeing dramatic changes in network infrastructures and services. These changes are mainly driven by the ever-growing rate of netwo... Sample PDF | More details...
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93.
Indranil Bose (The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong), Fong Man Chun (The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)
One of the hottest technologies these days is voice communication over packet-switched data networks. This is known as voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). Hardy (20... Sample PDF | More details...
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94.
Waking Up Sensor Networks (pages 670-677)
Yew-Fai Wong (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Trina Kok (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Lek-Heng Ngoh (Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore), Wai-Choong Wong (National University of Singapore, Singapore), Winston K.G. Seah (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore)
Our natural world is an environment that is highly changes may impact lives on a large scale, such as those caused by a Tsunami, global warming, or global dimming ph... Sample PDF | More details...
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95.
Web Accessibility (pages 678-683)
Gregory R. Gay (University of Toronto, Canada), Paola Salomoni (University of Bologna, Italy), Silvia Mirri (University of Bologna, Italy)
Technologies have been developed to make personal computers accessible to people with disabilities, important for promoting inclusion in everyday life, education, an... Sample PDF | More details...
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96.
Henrik Hanke (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany), Alf Neumann (University of Cologne, Germany)
The scale and scope of information on the Internet has been extended enormously over the past decade. The growth of more and more intelligent Web-based services and... Sample PDF | More details...
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97.
Web Services (pages 690-695)
Kevin Curran (University of Ulster, Ireland), Padraig O’Kane (University of Ulster, Ireland)
The term “Web services” was initially employed by Bill Gates, chairman of Microsoft, at the Microsoft Professional Developers Conference in Orlando, Florida on July... Sample PDF | More details...
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98.
Chad Lin (Curtin University of Technology, Australia), Helen Cripps (Edith Cowan University, Australia), Yu-An Huang (National Chi Nan University, Taiwan)
The transaction of business via the Web is becoming an imperative for organizations aiming at improving their competitiveness. The Web-based commerce applications al... Sample PDF | More details...
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99.
Alaa Abdou (United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE), John Lewis (University of Liverpool, UK), Moh’d A. Radaideh (HR General Directorate, UAE), Sameera Al Zarooni (United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE)
This paper describes the development and construction of a Web-based system for the appraisal stage of public healthcare construction projects in the United Arab Emi... Sample PDF | More details...
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100.
Wi-Fi Technology (pages 711-716)
Antonios Alexiou (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Dimitrios Antonellis (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece), Christos Bouras (Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece)
Wi-Fi, short for “wireless fidelity,” is a term for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that use specifications in the 802.11 family. In general, the... Sample PDF | More details...
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Reviews and Testimonials

"Both the average Internet consumer and the expert in the field of networking and Internet technologies can use this resource. This reference guide explores Web services, the semantic Web, Web-based electronic activities, and more."

– Computers in Libraries , November/December 2007, Vol. 27 No. 10
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Topics Covered

  • Agent-based Web Services
  • Autonomic Networking
  • Context-aware Service Discovery
  • Creative Information Systems
  • Data Caching
  • DNS-based Allocation of Multicast Addresses
  • E-Collaboration
  • E-Learning
  • Efficient and Scalable Client-clustering
  • Graphical Based Design Tools
  • Hackers, Hacking and Eavesdropping
  • Handheld Computing and Palm OS Programming
  • Intellectual Property and the Internet
  • Internet Gambling
  • Internet Measurements
  • Internet Traffic Modeling
  • IP Multicasting
  • IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
  • Java Web Application Frameworks
  • Malicious Software
  • Multimedia for Mobile Devices
  • Network-based Intrusion Detection
  • Network-layer Mobility Protocols
  • Networked Appliances and Home Networking
  • Optical Network Survivability
  • Positive-feedback Preference Model
  • Privacy in the Digital World
  • Quality of Service
  • Real-time Protocols – RTP/RTCP
  • Scalable Reservation-Based GOS Architecture (SRBQ)
  • Scaling Properties of Network Traffic
  • Security Issues with Wi-Fi Networks
  • Semantic Web services
  • Social and P2P Networks on the Internet
  • Standards in Asynchronous e-Learning Systems
  • Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
  • TCP and TCP-friendly Protocols
  • Voice Over Internet Protocol
  • Web Content Filtering
  • Wi-fi Technology
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Preface

Before the invention of the World Wide Web, computer communications were mainly associated with the data transmission and reception among computers. The invention of the Web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, led to a deep change of this paradigm, imposing the share of information over the data transmission. After the invention of the Web, Internet refers to the global information system that is logically linked through a global unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) and is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) architecture and/or other IP-compatible protocols, and provides, uses or makes accessible information and communication services world wide.

The World Wide Web, also known as WWW, Web or W3, represents the greatest networked repository of human knowledge accessible worldwide. The Web contains billions of objects and documents, which may be accessed by hundreds of million of users around the world and it became indispensable for people, institutions or organizations. The search of information in the current Web is based on the use of robust and practical applications known as search engines and directories. However, the fast and unorganized growth of the Web is making difficult to locate, share, access, present or maintain on-line trustful contents for an increasing number of users. Difficulties in the search of web contents are associated to the use of non-structured, sometimes heterogeneous information, and to the ambiguity of Web content. Thus, one of the limitations of the current Web is the lack of structure of its documents and the information contained in them. Besides, information overload and poor aggregation of contents make the current Web inadequate for automatic transfers of information. As a consequence, the current Web may evolve for a new generation Web called Semantic Web, in which data and services are understandable and usable not only by humans but also by computers. Moreover, in the future, the Semantic Web may further evolve to a Sentient Web, which is a further new generation of Web with capabilities for sentience.

If, by one hand, the invention of the Web led to the fact that the TCP/IP architecture, which is the support of Internet, is being used in applications for which it was not designed for, by other hand, a large number of new applications have been developed, which led to the rise of new communication protocols that have been incorporated into the TCP/IP architecture. Besides scientific and technological challenges in the development of Web and its evolution, in the framework of W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), in order to explore all its potential, research and development activities have also been observed towards the development of new multimedia applications over the Internet and towards the ubiquity and autonomic systems. The development of these new applications and systems, by their side, require the research of new protocols and technologies, or the integration of existing technologies used in other fields. A strong research effort is also observed in the transport and network layers in order to cope with mobility, guarantee the quality of service or security and privacy for networked applications, and new forms of group communications in the scenario of the exhaustion of the address space at network layer. Besides, intense research activities also have been observed for the discovery of new solutions that led to an increase of the link bandwidth and the throughput of routers and switches.

The functioning principle of Internet is based on the client-server paradigm, in which the client has an active role and the server has a passive role answering to the queries made by the client. Besides the research activities that are being carried out in each layer of the TCP/IP architecture, it may be also observed intense research activities towards a new kind of networks, called peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. The term P2P refers to a class of systems and applications that use distributed resources to execute some function in a decentralized way, in which each machine may act as a client or a server. Although P2P networks present some problems regarding security and legality, they represent the most advanced stage, in terms of scalability and fault tolerance, in the evolution of distribution multimedia services.

The purpose of the Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications is to provide a written compendium for the dissemination of knowledge and to improve our understanding in the area of Internet technologies and applications. The encyclopedia presents carefully selected articles from 232 submission proposals, after a double blind review process. It also provides a compendium of terms, definitions and explanation of concepts, technologies, applications, issues and trends in the area of Internet technologies and applications.

The projected audience is broad, ranging from simple Internet users (Internet consumers), which would like to learn more about Internet, to experts working in the areas of networking and Internet technologies and applications. This encyclopedia will be of particular interest to teachers, researchers, scholars and professionals working in these areas, who may require access to the most current information, about concepts, technologies, applications, issues and trends in these areas. The encyclopedia also serves as a reference for engineers, consultants, IT professionals, managers, and others interested in the latest knowledge on Internet technologies and applications.

Mário Freire and Manuela Pereira
Editors

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Author(s)/Editor(s) Biography

Mário M. Freire received the 5-year B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering and the M. Sc. degree in Systems and Automation in 1992 and 1994, respectively, from the University of Coimbra, Portugal. He received the Ph. D. degree in electrical engineering and the aggregated title in computer science in 2000 and 2007, respectively, both from the University of Beira Interior, Portugal. He is an Associate Professor of Computer Science at the University of Beira Interior. Presently, he is head of the Department of Computer Science of University of Beira Interior. He was the co-editor of 3 books in the LNCS book series of Springer, co-editor of 3 proceedings in IEEE Computer Society Press, and has authored or co-authored 4 interatinonal patents and around 100 papers in international refereed journals and conferences. His main research interests include: medical image processing, telemedicine, high-performance networking, network security, and peer-to-peer networks.
Manuela Pereira received the 5-year B.S. degree in Mathetmatics and Computer Science in 1994 and the M. Sc. degree in Computational Mathematics in 1999, both from the University of Minho, Portugal. She received the Ph.D. degree in Signal and Image Processing in 2004 from the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France. She is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Beira Interior, Portugal. Her main research interests include: multiple description coding, joint source/channel coding, image and video coding, wavelet analysis, information theory, image segmentation and real-time video streaming.
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Editorial Board

  • Abbas Jamailipour, University of Sydney, Australia
  • Hussein Mouftah, University of Ottawa, Canada
  • Marc Antonini, CNRS, France
  • Michel Diaz, CNRS, France
  • Pascal Lorenz, University of Haute Alsace, France
  • Petre Dini, Cisco Systems, USA
  • Prosper Chemouil, France Telecom, France
  • Wolfgang Gentzsch, MCNC, USA
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