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What is Translanguaging

Handbook of Research on Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Literacy Development
The fluid use of multiple linguistic and semiotic resources as a single repertoire.
Published in Chapter:
Raising Awareness of the City as a Text: Multimodal, Multicultural, and Multilingual Resources for Education
Amparo Clavijo Olarte (Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Colombia), Rosa Alejandra Medina (University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA), Daniel Calderon-Aponte (Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Colombia), Alejandra Rodríguez (Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Colombia), Kewin Prieto (Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Colombia), and María Clara Náder (Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Colombia)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5022-2.ch013
Abstract
In this chapter, the authors explore the semiotic landscape of the city to analyze multimodal, multicultural, and multilingual resources for language and literacy education. In this ethnographic study, teacher-researchers explore urban literacies as social, artistic, political, cultural, and pedagogical practices that connect different community actors, diverse texts, and local realities. Data were collected through community tours, photographs (a corpus of 387 photographs), and semi-structured interviews with graffiti artists and community inhabitants. The findings reveal that semiotic and linguistic landscapes that surround schools can be harnessed to develop critical place awareness and to recognize the audiences and purposes of multimodal texts embedded in the environments. It also leads to the recognition of multicultural and linguistic diversity that is rarely reflected in school-centered curriculum and decontextualized textbooks.
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Preparing Teachers to Foster Multilingual Literacy
An approach that allows and incorporates written and oral usage of different languages in the classroom.
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Strengthening Leadership and Teaching Capacity Through Community and College Relationships: Two Case Studies
The interaction between two languages to communicate ideas, information, and concepts. This term implies that both languages are of equal status and contribute equally to meaning making using the learner's full language repertoire. A growing pedagogical practice in the education of emergent bilinguals.
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“Translanguaged EMI” as a Means of Negotiation of Meaning in Literature Classrooms: Reflections on Thirdness
Translanguaging is broadly defined as the bilingual and/or multilingual speakers’ fluid use of languages available in their linguistic repertoires.
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Translanguaging in the Multilingual Language Classroom
For the purposes of the current chapter, translanguaging should be understood by the reader as the act of resisting monoglossic monolingual ideologies which devalued the linguistic practices of emergent bilinguals. Translanguaging reflects upon the use of language in a fluid and hybrid manner which constantly allows social, cultural, and linguistic flexibility.
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Parental Perspectives on Dual Language Classrooms: The Role of the African American Parents
Refers to bilingual or multilingual individuals’ complex and strategic ways of using two languages as part of the meaning-making process.
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Translanguaging Practices in Early Childhood Classrooms From an Intercultural Perspective
The act of using different languages interchangeably, in order to overcome language constraints, to deliver verbal utterances or written statements effectively, and to ultimately achieve successful communication ( Csillik & Golubeva, 2019b ).
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The Multilingual Classroom in Translator Education: Students and Teachers as Co-Participants
The dynamic process whereby multilingual individuals mediate complex social and cognitive activities by employing multiple semiotic resources.
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Multilingual Writing Support: Fostering Critical Consciousness Through One-to-One Writing Conferencing
The process by which multilingual writers access and employ features and strategies from their full linguistic repertoire for knowledge- and meaning-making in communicative contexts.
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Dynamics of Translanguaging Practices
The process of utilizing all language resources that an individual has to communicate.
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Literacies of the Body: Opening the Doors of the Mind Through Embodied Learning and Imaginative Processes
The process by which multilingual speakers draw on different languages, cognitive and semiotic resources to make meaning.
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The Power of Inclusion: Embracing Multilingual E-Learning Opportunities in Science Education
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English as a Medium of Instruction in Vietnamese Universities: A Perspective of Language Policy and Planning
A teaching/learning strategy that aims at improving language and content competence in school contexts by using resources from the learner’s whole linguistic repertoire.
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Multilingualism in Minority Groups: A Comparison Study of Monolingual and Multilingual Individuals
An integrated communication system in which multilingual speakers make use of their linguistic sources and repertoires ( Canagarajah, 2011 ).
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The Symbiotic Energy of [Complex Content]+[Foreign Language]: Translanguaging Towards Disciplinary Academic Literacy
A term coined by Cen Williams in 1994 and made popular by Garcia (see References above), which describes the process whereby speakers of various languages (English, Italian, Spanish, etc.) utilize multiple languages simultaneously so to facilitate communication and comprehension between them.
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Using Multicultural Children's Literature to Leverage Student Cultural Competence and Promote Social Justice
The process whereby bi/multilingual speakers utilize their language repertoires as an integrated communication system. It refers to “the act performed by bilinguals of accessing different linguistic features or various modes … to maximize [their] communicative potential” (García, 2009 AU34: The in-text citation "García, 2009" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. , p. 160).
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Keys to Understanding the Writing Development of Emergent Bilingual Students
The act performed by bilinguals of accessing different linguistic features or modes to maximize communication.
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Reclaiming the Multilingual Narrative of Children in the Borderlands Using a Critical Integration Approach: A Case Study Highlighting Multilingual Capital in the Curriculum and Classroom
Translanguaging ( Garcia & Li, 2014 ) is a language practice of bilinguals where bilingualism acts not as two autonomous language systems, but as one linguistic repertoire with features that have been socially constructed as belonging to two separate languages. The epistemological changes that are taking place as global interaction, real and virtual, define our language exchanges, create a transformational nature of language in new configurations of language practices and education.
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Preparing Teachers to Effectively Engage With Young English Language Learners and Immigrant Families: A Research Review
The ability of multilingual speakers to move back and forth between languages, and the pedagogical approaches, which support bilingualism.
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Supporting EFL Science Students Through a Multilingual Approach to Blended Learning
The process whereby multilingual speakers use their languages as an integrated communication system.
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Challenging the Monoglossic Ideology in English-Medium Higher Education in Türkiye
Flexible and dynamic use of language and other semiotic resources for meaning making, communication and interaction that transcend boundaries between socially constructed named languages and modalities.
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The Impact of Multilingualism on Teaching and Learning: A Case of Sesotho Home Language in One University in South Africa
It means making use of more than one language in one classroom, as linguistic resources for teaching in a multilingual classroom.
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Trans[cultura]linguación: An Intercultural Approach to the Revitalization of Indigenous Languages
The process whereby multi/bilingual speakers or learners use their linguistic resources to make sense of and interact with the world around them.
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CLIL Teachers' Beliefs and Practices: How Can Teacher Training Help?
The deliberate or spontaneous use of two (or more) languages inside the same lesson. Pedagogical translanguaging consists of pre-planned activities or strategies for the inclusion of the learners’ native language in the foreign/second language classroom with pedagogical objectives.
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An Overview of Multilingual Learners' Literacy Needs for the 21st Century
The process of making meaning and shaping knowledge and experience by using the repertoire of languages available.
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Bridging the Gap: The Use of Translanguaging in Shared Readings
When individuals shuttle between languages, treating them as part of an integrated system.
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Role of Immigrant Parents' Attitudes and Practices in Emergent Bilingual Students' Language Use and Translanguaging Performance
The process whereby bi/multilingual speakers utilize their language repertoires as an integrated communication system. It refers to “the act performed by bilinguals of accessing different linguistic features or various modes of what are described as autonomous languages, in order to maximize communicative potential” (García, 2009, p. 160).
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Explain It to Me: Supporting Student Voice in Mathematical Writing
The ways people fluidly draw on and use all their language resources to communicate, such as using Arabic, English, and mathematical notations in a written sentence.
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Kindergarten Writing: Utilizing Funds of Knowledge in a Digital Classroom
the specific benefits of utilizing all of the students' linguistic knowledge to prevent capable students from being excluded from higher level critical thinking opportunities based on access to English language (García, 2009).
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What Teachers Need to Know About English Language Learners' Translanguaging in the Classroom
The process of utilizing one’s linguistic resources and knowledge in multiple languages for negotiation of meaning and sense-making.
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Transforming the Education of Immigrant Youth: Program Implementation and Instructional Planning
The natural tendency of multilingual people to use language forms that suit the purpose of the task or communicative need.
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“He's a Good Lecturer in Any Language”: Shifting From L1 to English and Implications for EMI Training
The use of participants’ multilingual repertoire in an event which was supposed to be developed in a specific language (e.g. the use of the L1 in an EMI context). In contrast with code-switching, translanguaging is usually planned.
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Teaching English From a Culturally and Linguistically Sustaining Approach: Insights From the Basque Autonomous Community
An educational practice and perspective that recognizes and utilizes the complete linguistic repertoire of multilingual individuals, including various languages, dialects, and registers, in teaching and learning processes.
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No Student Left Behind: Enabling Cognition of Scientific Knowledge Through Multilingual E-Learning Pedagogies
The process whereby multilingual speakers use their languages as an integrated communication system.
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Applied Empathetic Instruction for Limited-Level English Learners With Weekly Grade-Level CSOs: Where to Begin Assessment and Instruction
A process in which multilingual speakers use their languages as an integrated communication system to strategically decipher and relay meaning.
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Creating Space for Dynamic Language Use: Cultivating Literacy Development through Translanguaging Pedagogy in EAL Classrooms
The dynamic and fluid linguistic practice that bilinguals/multilinguals use in order to make sense of their world by selecting features from their linguistic repertoires.
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Language Policy in English as a Medium of Instruction Schools: A Multilingual Approach
A practice of multilingual people wherein language is used in a fluid and dynamic way, without traditional boundaries between languages.
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Linguistic Diversity in the Global Classroom Both Fact and Fiction
Writing technique where writers reflectively consider language choices to incorporate their identity with language use.
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Toward Racially-Just Multilingual Classroom Pedagogy: Transforming Learning Centers for the K-5 Classroom
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Supporting Advanced Multilingual Speakers as Individuals: Translanguaging in Writing
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Moving Towards Translanguaging: Service-Learning That Leverages Emerging Bilinguals' Linguistic Development
This term refers both to an approach to understanding bi/multilinguals’ language use and a pedagogy that seeks to leverage bi/multilingual speakers language use in their language development and education in general. According to a translanguaging view, bi/multilingual speakers never shut down the features associated with one societally constructed language. They conform to the social constraints of language naming and separation according to the socially created restrictions and create new practices that are complex, dynamic, fluid, and sensitive to context.
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Using Mother Tongue in Teaching of STEM for Sustainable Development in Zimbabwe
The competency to move easily between two languages and it can also be used as a teaching approach that uses two languages.
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Perspectives on Language Teacher Identity in the Context of a Post-Pandemic “New Normal” Epoch
a pedagogical process of using more than one language within a classroom lesson with language learners’ linguistic resources to make sense of contextual meanings in interacting with other people.
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Empowering Students: Decentering the English Monolingual Norm Through Discourse
The use of one’s full linguistic repertoire, including first and additional languages and dialects.
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Good Practices in ESP: The Interplay Between Technology and Interaction Through Multimodal and Multichannel Practices
The individuals’ use of their diverse linguistic systems and resources (plurilingual repertoire) that, when used in a dynamic, flexible, and complex manner, allow for knowledge construction.
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“English in the Kindergarten: Towards Multilingual Education”: Good Practices From a Teacher Training Program in Greece
A theoretical concept and a pedagogical approach to integrate languages in teaching through a holistic approach, by encouraging transfer across languages and by bringing the students' linguistic repertoires and identities to the fore.
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Teachers' Code-Switching in Bilingual Primary Education: A Literary Review of its Pedagogical Functions
The act of utilizing more than one language to communicate more effectively. This is a common practice by speakers who were raised bilingual.
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Teacher Agency in Creating Multilingual and Multicultural Pedagogies in College Classrooms
“Using one’s idiolect, that is, one’s linguistic repertoire, without regard for socially and politically defined language labels or boundaries” ( Otheguy et al., 2015 , p. 297). Translanguaging theory is disinterested in the idea of languages as separate codes and views language as a socially situated practice and resource. From a pedagogical perspective, translanguaging refers to a pedagogy for diverse learners and multilingual classrooms where the teacher deliberately and strategically incorporates practices that encourage the use of students’ full linguistic repertoires.
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Affordances and Challenges of Translanguaging Pedagogy for In-Service Content Area Teachers
Translanguaging is the abilty and act of using language learner’s full language repertorie.
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Love and Language: Peace Building in the Foreign Language Classroom
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Mi Familia: Authentic Parent-Child Writing During Literacy Night
Refers to a socio-linguistic process which comprises morphology (i.e. word choice), syntax (i.e., grammatical structures), phonology (i.e., pronunciation), register (i.e., formal vs. informal), and idiolect (i.e., stylistics). While encompassing the idea of “code-switching,” translanguaging is a fluid process that responds to the social and cultural constraints placed upon language choice.
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(Not) Lost in Translation: Multilingual Students, Translation, and Translanguaging in First-Year Writing
The ability of multilingual students to shuttle between and among languages in their communication repertoires without regard for distinct language boundaries.
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Local Implementation of International Baccalaureate in the Japanese Secondary School System: How Good Practice Is Positively Impacting Education Provision
The practice of multilingual individuals making use of all their linguistic knowledge in education, for example, to achieve their goals.
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Multilingualism and Its Impact in Teaching and Learning of Science Education
The use of multiple languages including learners’ home languages during the process teaching and learning.
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Coloniality and Whiteness in Evangelical ESL Classrooms
The multilingual act of accessing one’s full repertoire of linguistic resources and/or moving fluidly between languages; a pedagogical framework that honors multilingual students’ full linguistic repertoires as valid and valuable within the classroom.
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Translanguaging and Codeswitching in a Multicultural Classroom: Experiences of University of Namibia Lecturers
This is the use of one language to discuss so that a deeper meaning is grasped by the listeners. However, when you write you use another language different from the one that was used during the discussion. In the context of the University of Namibia, students and lecturers may use translanguaging to communicate meaning and understanding of a subject matter. It enables effective communication and learning. However, translanguaging can also be a challenge to language teachers despite being an effective learning tool.
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Researching English as a Medium of Instruction in University Lecturers' Teaching Methodology: A Proposal for In-Service Training
Also known as code-switching, translanguaging accepts the use of both languages—the students’ L1 and the L2, English—in the classroom. Both languages are valued equally, and they may be used to maximize comprehension and scaffold content and language within the EMI context.
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Lessons Learned From Preservice Teachers of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students During a Pandemic
A language strategy when teachers mix and blend different languages (spoken languages, sign languages, or both) and/or modalities (for example signing, speaking, writing).
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Dealing With Language Gap in a Hungarian-English Early Childhood Classroom
The act of using different languages interchangeably, in order to overcome language constraints, to deliver verbal utterances or written statements effectively, and, to ultimately achieve successful communication.
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Vietnamese EFL Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of Using Translanguaging in Language-Integrated Literature Courses: A Qualitative Study
Vietnamese teachers and students utilize their first language (L1), Vietnamese, within English literature courses for English majors.
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