Abstract
Implementation of the smart city concept in architectural school programs is neither evident nor simple. The starting point is a historical heritage of established patterns shaped to different schools of thought that have independently worked on territories at different scales: urban planning and building construction. The Spanish scenario understands the smart city as the ICTs (information and communication technologies) applied to security, data processing, logistics, energy management, among others, but we must not forget the Spanish urban plans born from the architecture discipline and how buildings are positioned within a site. The aim of this study is to highlight some reflections on the need to unite multiple and artificial intelligences so that the latter does not monopolize or gain exclusivity within the smart city design guidelines and listens to the city's demands.
TopIntroduction
Implementation of the Smart City concept in Architectural School programs is neither evident nor simple. The starting point is a historical heritage of established patterns shaped to different schools of thought that have independently worked on territories at different scales: urban planning and building construction. These also share the same basic premise: occupancy and creation of space. However, Urban Planning deals with the external context and Architecture looks both inwards and outwards from that which is most precious to the architect: the façade, the building´s appearance and how it relates to the city. What can be said about the disciplinary connection between Architecture and Engineering?
It is a paradox to speak of the city without referring to Architecture or even more so, to Urban Planning. However, in the Spanish scenario the Smart City understands ICTs (information and communication technologies) applied to security, data processing, logistics, energy management among others but it does not understand buildings or how they are positioned within a site. Tectonics is greatly neglected in the Smart field and so is Archeology which provides us with the foundations on which to work through the history of living styles. It is therefore still difficult to find a debate in which Smart City is dealt with assertively.
In order to stablish some kind of parallelism between Spanish architecture schools and other countries, we could point up some interesting ideas launch in technology leading countries as in South Korea by the use of the term: ubiquitous1city. It is meant to be a new model of sustainable economy based on more efficient use of communication solutions, transportation and natural resources. This city manages information technology ubiquitous.
An interesting report, written seven years ago, about cities all around the world and their longing to devene a smart city is describing the following depictive (Essays, 2013):
Helsinki as a Smart city cluster, including also the Helsinki region, in particular focusing on mobile and wireless technologies and applications. Lisbon’s ambition as a smart city is to improve the city’s liveliness and quality of life, namely through the active involvement of citizens in the city’s governance model. Lisbon aims to become an international hub for world scale companies, benefiting from the bridge Lisbon represents between Europe, Africa and America. Manchester is using modern technologies to promote community engagement, capacity building and social capital. New Sondgo is longing the use of ubiquitous computing in the city is the first objective. Osaka is based by ubiquitous information systems in city area.
In the last years Oulu becoming the city of technology and an innovation city. Aim to become the most highly developed city in Finland and Northern Europe. Barcelona had in view to implement of ICT to pursue social and urban growth. Smart City concept was used as a strategic tool and the pillars are infrastructures, open data, innovation service, human capital.
In general terms we could say that the international practice shows that the evolution of smart city is based on: Ubiquitous computing, because the smart city is firstly based on the physical telecommunications network infrastructure, comprised of the wiring, the wireless, together with any servers and routers required for operating the infrastructure. The second layer constitutes applications that facilitate operations in the city, like traffic control, etc. Such applications will be provided by many vendors, using the provided infrastructure and finally it is based by ubiquitous or connectivity of all.
But in the last three years the smart city concept treatment has changed. The conflicting positions between engineering, architecture, archeology, economic sciences, politics and other intervening fields result in us talking of the same concept from different understandings and not concurring in the target´s optimization.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Artificial Intelligence: Is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans.
Urbanism: Is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning, which is the profession focusing on the physical design and management of urban structures and urban sociology which is the academic field the study of urban life and culture.
Smart City: Is an urban area that uses different types of electronic Internet of Things (IoT) sensors to collect data and then use insights gained from that data to manage assets, resources and services efficiently.
Architecture: Knowledge of art, science, technology, and humanity. A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The design activity of the architect.
ICT: Information and communications technology. Information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audiovisual systems, that enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.
Social Intelligence: Is the capacity to know oneself and to know others. Social Intelligence develops from experience with people and learning from success and failures in social settings. It is more commonly referred to as “tact,” “common sense,” or “street smarts.”
Accessibility: “Ability to access” and benefit from some system or entity. The concept focuses on enabling access for people with disabilities, or special needs.
Emotional Intelligence: Capability of individuals to recognize their own emotions and those of others, discern between different feelings and label them appropriately, use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior.