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Top3D Printing Made Real: Fubini Theorem
Before we turn our focus on printing a three-dimensional model we have to consider what mathematical statements and theorems allows us to materialize this idea. Practically 3d printing is about being able to print any object layer by layer. But if we question this belief, can we find any three-dimensional objects that can't be printed layer by layer?
So next we will be walking through the theorem that proves 3d printers can duplicate everything (any real life physical object at least). Fubini's theorem, named after the Italian mathematician Guido Fubini, states that an object of n dimensions can be represented as a spectrum of layers of shapes of n-1 dimensional layers. This means that a 3 dimensional shape (any shape in the real world) can be portrayed as layers of 2 dimensional shapes (3dfuture, 2012). In 3d printing technology this means that we are able to express any 3d object as layers of 2d planes. Below we provide the theorem but not its proof since it doesn’t serve the purpose of this article. Readers are referred in analysis 3 as described in (Tsirelson, 2011; Zakeri, 2007).
Theorem Statement
Suppose A and B are complete measure spaces. Supposes f(x,y) is A x B measurable. If
where the integrals is taken with respect to a product measure on the space over A x B, then
The first two integrals being iterated integrals with respect to two measures, respectively and the third being an integral with respect to a product of these two measures.
If the above integral of the absolute value is not finite, then the two iterated integrals may actually have different values. See below for an illustration of this possibility.
Corollary
Fi f(x,y)=g(x)h(y) for some functions g and h, then
The integral on the right side being with respect to a product measure.
Alternate Theorem Statement
Another version of Fubini’s theorem states that if A and B are σ-finite measure spaces, not necessarily complete, and if either
then
and
In this version the condition that the measures are σ-finite is necessary.
Fubinis theorem as shown above proves that 3d printers can print any real life objects. However, a practical limitation is the slicing resolution and also the achievement of physical stability during layering (3dfuture, 2012).