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Top1. Introduction
Liquid jet issuing through the gas-solid flow and spray formation plays a key role in circulating fluidized beds (CFB). Various industrial processes comprising Fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, scrubbing, and polymerization are samples of multi-phase systems, which are widely used. In whole processes, the liquid jet injecting through the field flow is evaporated due to both contacting hot solid particles and pressure reduction after discharging liquid species from nozzle orifice.
Until now, there are numerous studies on different injection systems. Al-Omari investigated the kerosene droplet vaporization and mixing the vapor with air in a 90-bended duct and then, the results were compared with a straight duct. They showed that the bend angle results in increasing droplet heat up, and produced vapors (Al-Omari, 2008). Alipchnkov et al. used a three-fluid model of two-phase medium. They concluded that droplets diameter derived from experiments reveals agreement with current correlations (Alipchenkov, Zaichik, Zeigarnik, Solov'ev, & Stonik, 2002). Prommersberger used a lean premixed pre-vaporized (LPP) to simulate a spray. They compared their results with the experimental data and illustrated that high velocity air flow brings out weak agreement with experimental results, due to secondary breakup which are not considered by the model (Prommersberger, Maier, & Wittig, 1998). Tolpadi et al. investigated the spray model coupled with a combustion model, where a quasi-steady droplet vaporization approach was utilized. They validated their model with a single droplet. According to their conclusion, the applied model reveals earlier vaporization and higher temperature (Tolpadi, Aggarwal, & Mongia, 2000). Silverman et al. considered interactions between multi-droplet and offered a model to analyze interactions. They considered both evaporation and motion of spray simultaneously, in their model (Silverman & Sirignano, 1994). Buchanan showed that convection heat transfer is much higher than radiation heat transfer in FCC risers, where the riser reactors are modeled by considering this significant fact (J Scott Buchanan, 1994). Zhu developed a model to indicate that the evaporation depth decreases due to increasing temperature of ambient and solid phase as well as particle holdup (Zhu, Wang, Liu, & Fan, 2001). Kouremenous et al. offered three regimes including the sheet, breakup, and droplet portion for liquid jet by focusing on spray (Kouremenos Dimitrios, Pantzas Christos, Panagakis Georgios, & Krikkis Rizos, 1995).
Gavaises et al. used a 3-D model to investigate influencing collision of droplets discharging from parallel nozzles. They validated their work with phase Doppler anemometer (PDA). They concluded that the collision has a great impact on the droplet size (Gavaises, Theodorakakos, Bergeles, & Brenn, 1996). Babinsky reviewed three methods to model drop size distribution namely the empirical method, the maximum entropy method and the discrete probability function (Babinsky & Sojka, 2002). Sellens used maximum entropy to show that the drop size distribution is similar to empirical distribution and velocity distribution is Guassian (Sellens, 1989). Li et al. used their experimental data to validate maximum entropy approach. In spite of velocity distribution results, the size distribution has satisfied the experimental results (X. Li et al., 1991). So far, few studies have been published on three-phase computational fluid dynamics modeling and hydrodynamic simulation of fluidized beds due to the complexity and difficulty of the problems and models. Two approaches are commonly used comprising Eulerian approach based on interpenetrating multi-fluid formulation, and Lagrangian approach that solves the motion equations for the dispersed phase (Martinez, Sánchez, Ancheyta, & Ruiz, 2010).