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Since the beginning of the 21st century, a new round of digital technology revolution and production transformation is sweeping the world (Gupta & Quamara, 2020; Liu et al., 2022). Digital science and technologies such as the internet of things (IoT), blockchain, and artificial intelligence are the core driving forces of this revolution. These disruptive technologies have become the prelude to the new era of the fourth industrial revolution (Al-Qerem et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2023b; Mamta et al., 2021). The development of science and technology has never been isolated or closed, so the integration and innovation of different technologies will create enormous productivity and promote human civilization to a new and higher level (Chander et al., 2022; Gupta et al., 2023a; Tiwari & Garg, 2022).
Blockchain technology is a deep technological transformation of the current, highly centralized internet technology, which has the characteristics of openness and transparency, decentralization, and robustness to tampering (Gaurav et al., 2022; Hu et al., 2022; Raj & Pani, 2022). The decentralized architecture of blockchain, its distributed computing modes, and smart contract collaboration can solve the problems of traditional IoT architectures (Ferrag & Shu, 2021; Khanam et al., 2022; Kiran et al., 2022). First, blockchain systems adopt a decentralized design based on ethernet, with each node directly connected to the others. To avoid a failure of the central node leading to downtime of the entire system, there is no unified central control node (Bamakan et al., 2021; Cao et al., 2019; Kshetri, 2017; L. Wu et al., 2018). Second, blockchain systems use globally-agreed smart contract collaboration to ensure the stability and availability of the entire system and its control processes. Finally, during the operation of IoT systems, a large amount of data will be generated, which requires stable, reliable, and tamper-proof multi-point backup storage, posing a new challenge to traditional storage architectures (Guo et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2022). The blockchain-based InterPlanetary File System adopts a distributed storage architecture, which distributes the entire file system based on the storage capabilities of different nodes, spreading the storage pressure of the system across multiple nodes, and ensuring storage efficiency and security through verification mechanisms, multipoint redundancy, and multipoint read/writes (Alotaibi, 2019; Chaganti et al., 2022; Xie, et al., 2019).