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TopLiterature Review
There is a growing body of literature about citizen participation. Authors explore its outcomes (Irvin & Stansbury, 2004), new requirements and roles for Administrations (Lyn & Martin, 1991; King, Feltey & O’Neil, 1998), techniques to improve it (Crosby, Kelly & Schaefer, 1986; Thomas, 1995), particularities about the planning process (Day, 1997) and distinct styles of approach (Benwell, 1980). Papers focus on the need to reframe this issue (Booher & Innes, 2002; Booher & Innes, 2004) concluding that participation must be collaborative and effective methods should involve collaboration, dialogue and interaction among citizens and other stakeholders.
Web-based participation complements the traditional technique (Stern, Gudes & Svoray, 2009). Many authors explore the possibilities of ICT tools to promote participation in the planning process (Padgett, 1993; Conroy & Evans-Cowley, 2006; Hanzl, 2007), analysing the adequacy of visualization tools for the different phases of the process (Al-Kodmany, 1999), including GIS (Peng Z-R, 2001; Sieber, 2006), social media (Evans-Cowley & Hollander, 2010), digital games (Gordon, Schirra & Hollander, 2011) and mobile applications (Ertiö, 2015) whose impact has been modest but is expected to increase.