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Top1. Introduction
Most of the minimal invasive surgery methods, computer-assisted and robotic surgery systems incorporate a needle insertion process (e.g. stereotactic brain biopsy, laparoscopy, radioactive seed-implantation, etc). In such operations, precise penetrations always provide efficient access to target locations. In needle steering procedures, facing a non-homogenous soft tissue causes more complexity in the phenomenon and necessitates the employment of adaptive control (Abolhassani et al, 2007; Sadjadi et al, 2014). In most applications, having a highly accurate process in both accessing the target and an efficient insertion is essential. Some applications of percutaneous needle insertion was observed in different works of prostate brachytherapy (Asadian et al, 2014; Sadjadi et al, 2014; Wei, 2004), biopsy (Bishoff, 1998; Schwartz, 2005), and neurosurgery (Masamune et al, 1995; Rizun, 2004). Some other applications such as deep needle insertion have been employed in the failure mechanism of ventricular tissue (Gasser et al, 2009). In order to study tissue behavior, some researchers have used quasi-static needle insertion methods. In addition some other types of needle insertion such as rotational needle insertion, needle tapping, and fast needle insertions were studied (Lagerburg et al, 2006; Mahvash and Dupont, 2010).
Some phenomenological models were generated based on quasi-static one, two or three dimensional compression test of needle penetration experiments, to describe the force graph of insertion as efficient set of terms including friction, inertia, viscous, deformation and plasticity (Vrooijink et al, 2014; Roesthuis et al, 2014; TouficAzar & Hayward, 2008; Okamura et al, 2004; Dimaio & Salcudean, 2003). In-vitro experimental data were achieved by performing standard compression tests. Deformation and non-homogeneity in tissue structure may lead to many potential sources of forces applied to surgical tools, which leads to an imperfect prediction of force (Okamura, et al, 2004). To have better prediction of both force and beveled-tip position, interactive medical imaging is useful in robotic surgery simulation (Vrooijink et al, 2014; Mahvash & Dupont, 2010; Dimaio et al, 2005; Alterovitz et al., 2005). In other applications such as drug delivery, imprecise placement of surgical tools may lead to false dosage distribution or may damage delicate structures. Therefore, there are 4 different types of needle insertion:
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Quasi-static insertion (Dimaio & Salcudean, 2003; TouficAzar & Hayward, 2008);
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Fast needle insertion (Mahvash & Dupont, 2009);
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Rotational insertion (Alterovitz, et al, 2005; Yousefi, et al, 2010);
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Needle insertion with tapping (Lagerburg, et al, 2006).