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Top1. Introduction
The brain is the most complex and interesting objects in nature that demands rigorous scientific investigations by multidisciplinary methodologies and via transdisciplinary approaches where only low-level studies could not explain it. A basic empirical assumption in brain science is that the mass of the brain plays an important role in the implementation of the natural intelligence (Anderson, 1983; Marieb, 1992; Sternberg, 1998; Bower, 1998; Dayan & Abbott, 2001; Woolsey, 2008; Carter & Frith, 2009; Wilson & Keil, 2001; Wang, 2002a, 2003, 2012g, 2012i, 2012m) because all functions of the brain for information processing, memory, and the central nervous system require the support of certain physiological structures. The ratio between the mass of brains and the weight of the bodies across advanced species seem to be logarithmically linear as shown in Figure 1, which indicates an average brain-body ratio ra = 0.001, approximately. However, the brain-body ratio of humans is outstandingly high, i.e., rh = 0.023, which is 22.86 times higher than the average of other advanced species.
Figure 1. The brain-body ratio across species
Therefore, it is curies to seek the impacts of the outstanding brain capacity of humans on their cognitive ability. How does natural intelligence be generated as a highly complex cognitive state in human mind on the basis of neurological and physiological structures? How may natural intelligence be explained across the neurological, physiological, cognitive, and abstract levels? How are natural and artificial intelligence converged on the basis of brain science, cognitive science, and cognitive informatics? These fundamental questions are systematically examined in cognitive informatics (Destexhe, 2006; Wang, 2002a, 2003, 2006, 2007b, 2007c, 2007d, 2008f, 2009a, 2009b, 2009d, 2009e, 2009i, 2010a, 2010b, 2011b, 2011d, 2012d, 2012e, 2012f, 2012g, 2012i, 2012j, 2012k, 2012l, 2012m, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c; Wang & Wang, 2006; Wang & Fariello, 2012; Wang et al., 2006, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2012l; Tian et al. 2011), abstract intelligence (Wang, 2009a, 2012i, 2012m, 2013b), and denotational mathematics (Wang, 2002b, 2007a, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2008e, 2008g, 2008i, 2009c, 2009f, 2010c, 2010d, 2011a, 2011c, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012h; Wang & Chiew, 2011), which lead to a series of interesting findings on the qualitative and quantitative advances of human brain and its rational mechanisms.