A Proposed Architecture for Key Management Schema in Centralized Quantum Network

Introduction

The quantum computers are dissimilar from classical computers depending on transistors. While a classical computer involves data to be converted into bits (0 or 1), the quantum computer involves quantum bits (qubits) can be in superposition state. The superposition state means that the quantum state can be 0, 1 or in both states at the same time. Quantum computers share hypothetical relationships with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers (Nielsen& Chuang, 2000). By way of 2015, the improvement and growth of a real quantum computer is still in early stages but many poetical and theoretical experimentations were implemented by many research groups (Metwaly et al., 2014).

Quantum bit can take the properties of 0 and 1 simultaneously at any one moment (Barenco et al., 1995). A quantum bit, or qubit for short, is a 2wir dimensional Hilbert space . An orthonormal basis of is specified by {,}. The state of the qubit is an associated unit length vector in . If a state is equal to a basis vector then we say it is a pure state. If a state is any other linear combination of the basis vectors, we say it is a mixed state, or that the state is a superposition of and (Barenco et al., 1995).

The quantum bit can be measured in the traditional basis where it is equal to the probability of effect for in direction and the probability of effect for in direction where α and β must be constrained by Eq. (1) and Figure 1 (Zeng, 2006; Zeng, 2010).

Figure 1.

Classical and quantum bits

Quantum computers can manipulate quantum information where the quantum state can be transformed from a pure or mixed state to another pure or mixed state correspondingly. The transformation can be achieved by applying a unitary linear operation , where = = I if the quantum state is a single qubit. If we have a pure quantum state can be transformed into another pure state , as well if we have a mixed quantum state can be transformed into another mixed state (Sharbaf, 2009; Stinson, 1995). The unitary transformation operations are defined by (Eq. (2)). can be used instead of respectively. They’re used to transform state at sender(s) side into unreadable form according to the generated original classical message before transmitting it to the receiver.