Presently, dental implantations are the ideal solution and best substitute option for missing teeth. Dental implants determined the replacements of root and non-working teeth after the loss of natural teeth. Strengthening dental materials helps to fix the loss teeth. For teeth with root disease and fault in bone density, dental implantation is very essential. While bridge work and dentures decline to reclaim the suitable chewing condition and turn the problem of missing teeth, dental implants trace the solution of missing teeth. For more progress in dental-concerned technology, an extensive growth in dental implants has been noticed during the last several years. So there is a large need of excellent, quality dental materials. The selection of the implant materials, their generation system, manufacturing method, age-long durability, bio compatibility with medical principle, and professional dental field of study are therefore essential.
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Dental implants are the frame or a component that attached with the jawbone to support crown, fixtures, abutment. These days, implantation is the perfect solution for the absence of tooth and being viewed as the best option for the replacement of the lost tooth. Regardless of the most recent advances in dental technology, implants are still subjected to decline. Tooth loss occurs due to root decay, infection, injury, fault in bone density, failure in the root canal, gum disease, congenital defects. Tooth loss can lead men and women to functional and aesthetic problems. The utilization of dental implants is offered to help for the substitution of missing teeth and determine the replacement of root and non-working teeth. The implant material should have ideal properties such as mechanical, physical, chemical and biological. The main parts of the dental implants are crown, abutment, implant body or fixtures. Crown is a cap-like structure that protects the covering of the implant and is placed into the jawbone. An abutment is the part of the implant that helps to support the frame selection of the implant materials and their manufacturing process are very essential. Materials like metal alloy, ceramics, polymer are mostly used for the fabrication of dental implants. Other materials like stainless steel, cobalt-based alloy found to be a little success in dental implants due to bad mechanical properties. Mechanical behavior of dental implants is very important to fix the lost tooth and lead to strengthening the material for long term implantation. So the latest research is to search and find the best material to perform effectively with the least cost.
The classification of the dental implants, which is introduced in the dentistry based on placement, includes endosteal type, subperiosteal type, and transosteal type. End osseous type implant further classified into blade form and ramus form. The endosseous type of implant is mainly attached to the jawbone and has the shape like a cylindrical or screw type. The endosseous type of implant has common usage in dentistry. Blade form is like a thin plate in the blade structure attached to the bone. Ramus form is like a horseshoe structure embedded into the mandible from one region of the retromolar pad to the other. The subperiosteal implant can easily be attached to the jawbone and likely to offer root for multiple teeth; it helps to guide the elementary bone supports and has limited usage due to loss of bone. Transosteal implant is also known as a staple bone implant; surrounds the alveolar bone through the entire thickness; penetrates the cortical bone, but not used much more in dentistry now. The implants can also be classified into various shapes based on their design like cylindrical, conical and threaded.
Many materials have been employed as an implant for a substitute of missing teeth. The properties of the implant material should possess bulk properties like modulus of elasticity, tensile, compressive and shear strength, hardness and toughness, ductility, yield strength, and fatigue strength. The choice of the implant material with modulus elasticity should be greater uniform stress distribution at the site of the implant and relative movement to minimize the bone-implant junction. The implant should possess high compressive and tensile strength. Owing to high tensile and compressive strength fractures can be prevented and developed the stability function he wears of the implant material can be decreased owing to the increase in the hardness, and fracture of the implant can be prevented due to the increase in toughness. Ductility is important for the implant when the implant material is subjected to shaping and essential for contouring. The yield strength and fatigue strength of the implant material should be high, so that brittle fractures can be prevented under repeated loading cycle. Based on the surface properties of the implant materials depends on surface roughness, surface tension, and surface energy. Surface roughness is influencing the reaction of the cells and tissues by expanding the surface zone of the implant that fused to the bone and promote the cell connection to the bone. Surface tension promotes the cleanliness of the implant region and stability. Absorption of the protein have been affected by the surface energy and improved the implant region adhesion. The biocompatibility properties of the dental implant that show great response in a biological environment in a specific function. The biocompatibility of the material can be determined by the degradation mechanism like corrosion and wear. The material which has good corrosion and wears resistance possess good biocompatibility of the implant Saini(2015)