Agricultural Waste Management Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Introduction: Precision Agriculture System

The Latin words ager, which means “soil,” and “culture,” which implies cultivating the land, are combined to form the English word “agricultural.” The term “agriculture” today refers to a variety of activities, such as arboriculture, horticulture, and vegeculture. For the 80 percent of the world's poor who depend on farming, agriculture offers the ability to reduce poverty, raise income levels, and improve food security. For the purpose of supplying the growing global population with food, conventional agricultural methods are changing. By utilising irrigation and fertiliser, high-yielding cultivars are being introduced. Global food production has increased enormously as a result of the green revolution, which has also significantly decreased famine, particularly in Asia(Comparetti, 2011). Between 1960 and 2015, agricultural output tripled as a result of Green Revolution technologies. Agriculture currently uses 70% of the world's freshwater and 23% of the planet's liveable land. The various elements of precision agriculture system is shown in Figure 1.

As seeds lack the capacity to effectively fight disease, they are more vulnerable to it. Pesticide use has increased, which has a big impact on environmental externalities. Sustainable agriculture is crucial to preserving the environment and biodiversity. The phrase “transition from sustainability” in agriculture refers to the change from one agricultural framework to another that is based on a more comprehensive theory of sustainable agriculture. Sustainability in food production, consumption, and behaviours entails several things. Precision agriculture (PA) is being introduced specifically to contribute to the potential growth in food demand and to achieve sustainability. For the purpose of supporting farmers in tracking the status of their crops, PA combines various sensing technologies with communication protocols. Agricultural performance assessments assist farmers in determining the conditions required for a healthy crop at a specific point in time. Information about soil nutrients, plant chlorophyll content, and the presence of pest weeds was gathered from several sources. The fourth agricultural revolution integrates cross-industry technology to increase precision agriculture output and efficiency. Technology such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are transforming agricultural activities on digital platforms. Predictive analytics can be used to incorporate massive amounts of data generated by WSN and IoT to understand the behaviour and conditions of the crops. The integration of various networks for detecting, interacting with, and communicating is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). Through internet connectivity, IoT helps establish real-time monitoring for any application. There has been a lot of work with IoT technology in the agricultural sector to enhance smart farming practises. It is currently anticipated that agriculturalists and technologists will use technology to address problems that farmers encounter. These include issues with productivity, cost management, and water shortages. Efforts made on WSN encourage us to acquire and transfer data from sensors to the main servers.

Figure 1.

Elements of precision agriculture system

Intelligent irrigation systems built on the Internet of Things and the cloud are designed to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, and soil health in order to use less water. In order to precisely manage the entire gadget, the data collected from sensors generates information about various environmental variables. A further benefit of IoT is the efficient resource scheduling it provides. Using an RF module, IoT and WSN-based agriculture have been set up to monitor the air, temperature, soil moisture, and humidity. With the use of the internet and a gateway, the data is transmitted to a distant server.